i ü í S l í i r "
Si
' IV''*
elsewhere on the monuments, white garments are exclusively worn by the Egyptians, and distinguish
them from foreigners. The Gliddon mummy-case is composed of layers of linen ; the whole process
of spinning and weaving is figured under the Twelfth dynasty at Benihassan ; and mummies (with
the possible exception of some of the most recent) are found inwrapped in white linen. “ Atwn ”
or fine linen, is mentioned in Proverbs vii. i6 ; has been identified with the “ ôthônë ” of Homer il.
iii. 141, Aristophanes acharn. 1176, Luke xxiv. 12, and Acts x. 11 ; and already in the days of Pliny,
the linen manufacture had extended down the Rhine to the Batavi or Plollanders. Eastward in
Hindustan, where flax is cultivated for its capsules and seeds only, linen cloth is nevertheless
mentioned in the Institutes of Menu (Deslongchamps translation): and farther East in Burmah,
where the plant is unknown, “ linen garments” are enumerated as “ among those which priests are
permitted to w e a r ” (Mason v. p. 517).
Linum usitalissimuju of the Uralian plains. Called in France “ l in ” and the prepared fibre
“ filasse ” (Nugent), in Plolland “ vlas,” in Britain f la x or line or linseed (Prior), in Germany “ flachs ”
or “ lein ” (Grieb), in Slavonian “ flachs ” (A. Dec.), in Bohemian “ len ” (Bauhin), in Celtic “ llin ”
signifying a thread (Thei's), in Italy “ lin o ” (Lenz), in Greece “ linari” (Sibth.), in Egypt “ kittan,”
but the oil from its seeds “ zeyt h a r ” (D e l.): cultivated in Egypt at the time of the invention
of writing, — and fragments found by Unger in a brick of the pyramid at Dashur belonging to the
Twelfth dynasty (acad. Vienn., and journ. sc. Lond.) : the “ hwr ” is mentioned in Isaiah xix. 9, and
Esther i. 6 and viii. 15 ; and L. usitatissimum.was observed by Forskal, Delile, Clot-Bey, and myself,
extensively cultivated for cloth-making in Egypt. Farther North, the “ linon” is mentioned by
Homer il. ii. 529 and xviii. 570, Aeschylus suppl. 127, Herodotus, Theophrastus, and Dioscorides ;
the “ linum” by Plautus, Cicero, Virgil, Columella, and Pliny : L. usitatissimum is termed “ 1. sativum”
by Tournefort inst. 339; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation from
the Sperchius throughout Greece ; by Lenz, in Italy ; is known to be cultivated throughout middle
Europe as far as Britain (Curt. lond. v. pl. 22) ; and according to Ledebour, grows as if wild on the
plains North of the Black Sea and Caspian. Southward and Eastward from Egypt, is called in Abyssinia
“ te lb a ” or “ entatieh,” and is cultivated exclusively for the seeds which are roasted and eaten
(A. Rich. fi. abyss, i. p. 52): is called in Sanscrit “ ouma” or “ matousi” or “ atasi ” (Pidd.), in
Bengalee “ sh an ” or “ koshta,” in Plindustanee “ san ” or “ a ta s i” or “ tisi ” (DToz.), in the
environs of Bombay “ ulsee ” or “ jowas-ulsee,” the “ unripe capsules” used as food by the natives
(Grah., and Gibs.), was observed by myself under cultivation on the Deccan, but in general
throughout Hindustan is cultivated solely for the oil yielded by the seeds (Roxb., and Royle ill.
p. 82). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation
and is sometimes found springing up spontaneously; was also carried to the Mauritius
Islands (Boj.). Is enumerated by Bindley among medicinal plants, on account of the emollient
properties of the infusion, the meal of the seeds used for cataplasms, and the oil with lime-water
applied to burns.
rosary; “ kunari” necklace; “ vnôni” or “ këvnôni ” gem. — The character occurs under
y m the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pl. 4, and k. pl. 6). A second form occure under the
Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pl. 96, and Champ, diet. 235). Strings of beads, possibly for rosaries,
are brought by foreign delegates in the Tribute-procession to Tetmes III.
The rosary or string of prayer-beads as early perhaps as the invention of writing, — and I have
seen rosaries worn not by Catholics only, but by Muslims and Oriental Jews.
(stork signifying father-loving, the bird never separating from its fathers unto extreme
0 / ) old age, Horap. ii. 55); “ nouri” sto rk ; “ n sa ” after, “ nsóSu” henceforth; “ ënh ot” or
“ nhot ” or “ nhôtë ” or “ nhôôtë ” faithful ; “ nounë ” or “ nouni ” root, to take root. — The
character occurs as early as the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pl. 19).
The stork, Ciconia, inhabits Egypt at least during the winter season ; — when the bird was seen
there by myself. Among the Greeks, the “ pëlargos ” is mentioned by Plato ale. i. 135, and others.
Pliny X. 31 states, that tlie “ ciconiae ” leave Italy annually, but whither they go or whence they come
is unknown ;■ that they return to the same nests and cherish the old age of their parents, “ nidos
eosdem repetunt genetricum senectam invicem educant.”
icada signifying initiated and devoted to sacred things, for it yields music from its back,
( M ( a
^ Horap,
ap, ii. 52) ; “ nahvi ” or “ nahv ” or “ nghvS ” yoke, neck ; “ nahv ” part of the back ; “ notim ”
sweet sounding; “ notm” conversion; “ notm” musician attracting others to the dance; “ sSnsgn”
to sound, resound; — in Greek “ ndtos ” back; in English “ note” (in music). The character occurs
from the’ Fourth n_n-xj dynasty to the Seventeenth (Leps. d. ii. pl, 3410 iii. pl. 12). A second form
*s under the v ) Eighteenth dynasty (Leps. cl. iii. pl. 38).
Ò
early as the Tenth dynasty (Leps
I to the Persian 3 '74« I « « 7 ?;. T X f lX emperors (Leps.
“■ V r - 4 . « o ? 7 « ' « I « , 7 7 " O, « . M •• „r„r„, u.iliiy, g g
x s x X . R ».1« ^ < m . , m e , » 6 . ) . *
i s fb n . o c c m fr.m ■!« 51„1. d , » s i , .0 U.e Tw endelh (U p ., k. pl. 5 „ d 6 .0 4 0 .
X o r k s , i t s pervading meaning example. « thekos ” male ape; “ xopina” suddenly,
X (lion eating an ape to recover “ 'tl ! s ” E ie f - The character occurs from the Fourth
S i i i i i o th V s p .n i.k .lp l..b = .. w k U in Unly O tU U .O nlpl.nbn., .b.upb „ „ ..p o n d -
i i^ p o s i t f o n X retam^^^ like
E2 m aFEEE"--
i i S ’ Í S ? b f b „ „ n i f c n e d N o A ™ . p » . . i. n.p.M.d b , Pliby » p . c . -
„ p , » . , «
i i i i i S f t S ' b S . 0. S c ip . . .» «no» S«"»»-
d. ii. pl. 108).
•Haxë ” segment, angle “ ëlks ' anrie, corner. — T4.Jhrve.4 Nc.h-kiau.r...a-'-c*ter occurs under the Third
occurs from the Eighteenth dynasty to the Twenty-
276). A third form occurs under the Twenty- dynastv (LepJ. k. 5). A second form
sixth (Leps. d. iii. pl. 69- 167, and 232 to
3 7 5 " 7 4 3 ” 'p ick -a xe ! “ S x ” or “ lox ” or “ 15ks ” or “ !6 k s ” to b ite (as a serpent), prick,
fix The character has been already noticed as presenting evidence of the
innog- epvxraLteSd iinn EKog-yvnpt,t ,—- a annda oo ccccuuirbs ounii tuhiec Gliddon mummy-.c.a..s..e..... .....T...h...e... ............................ ^
occurs under the^FoErth and Fifth dynasties ; and apart T / 2 4 40 and ro8)
used by a carpenter under the Seventh dynasty at Sau.et ei Me.tm (Leps. d n. / 3, ^08)
A fourth form occurs under the Twelfth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pl. fo .)- A fifth fo m ^ oc
curs from the Fifth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. n. pl. 44,
k / 2 3 ! 62): an intermedia'te fonn is found in the large adze held with both hands by a carpenter
u n d e r the Seventh dynasty at Sauiet el Meitm. --px ” or “ sad ” arrow ■ “ x ”
C = O C = a „ / L / j i 3 tV.7 3 7 7 !a 7 r"’o3 i7 oFthe Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Third
dynasty to die Ptolemies (Lepm d. ii. pl 3, and iv. J
may h ^ given rme to tfo fo™ ^ p ,„e n ic i™ le t^ o n c e h ^ t h e
s o u n d ^ °o ks the i e 3 r a 7 e e in po itfon, numerical value of sixty, and confirmation is found in
foe above E g y p t ia^ am e ih e facility with which ks is converted into S, is illustrated in English
I 7 3 r 7 r d R T i 3 o r 7 3 " o : d ! 7 ^^^^ character occurs as early as the Fourth
[] d ^ a s ty 0 e p s . cl m^pL 9j ^ j , , , „der
X / the Fourth dynasty ; the second, under the Fourth or Fifth (Leps. cl. n. pl. 10 and 83).