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Magnus virt. herb. : H. niger is described by Lobel adv. . . ; is termed “ h. vufoaris vel ni»er ” hv
Tournefor mst. riS ; was observed by Munby in Algeria, and is known to occur"in w L t e X e s U
Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (Fries, and A. Dec.). EastwUd was o / r v d
t'+ rz t';,°r" 1» ' m + + + + .+
those of opium ” and “\h e i^f to Lindley “ the leaves produce effects very similar to
a / s U d L U reu s ) *® ft"^® belladonna.^ (See H.
Lithospermuan officinale of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain
m il ox gtom w ell or pearl-piant (Ainsw., and Prior), in Germany “ perlkraut” (Grieb) in Italy
“ margaritfe ” among leaves an? very tvondUffo!/ / £ Î r X X ' l ! L U " ! ‘Ï U L ? 0 a T e T s 5 X îU
as f U r U e n n U ' r k X i ” wooded situations in Italy and throughout middle Emope
east A r le rtr U h e re 'it t ™ European colonists, was carried to North-
N / h X X e U ® X *®
UtMspernnunlenniflornin of tlie East Mediterranean countries. _ Called in Greece “ trahëa • ”
i t t t t ' o f U r o l i U ° r 7 l"®®°''*"£U°ft®f®°"‘ft®' ft" ®'®™‘®^a t o n t le a f lt t « t longer and broader, upright branche s’■ “w’'-iftth a termina"l "bfii furcatfonl® 4aneds
+ + + z f y x x m t m i + + : ; s ™ i + : r f s + i
termed buglossum chium arvense annuum lithospermi folio flore cæruleo” by Tournefort cor 6-
“ tt..,™ F „ . , „ s ,..: ., L , m z t
the HOTveti "ft"'° "'"‘ft 'ft'" Habinius ” consuls, Switzerland abandoned by
hw„ii1dt eat er L U yf t XW et/iernn tGaautl tTlh ey ’®w"e' re preve"n't"efdiU 'f"r®om^' 'c"r«"o ssing the Rh"®onqe-r ibnyfC C daeosmarin ii on» owvheoÎ
foe l u r / nU “ 0 0 !t I"’ / ® "ft‘f"'"''fi" ‘° “ °"'®fi ‘Lem into Gaul and defeated them, comUlIin»
h1 omes a“ tuh ree 1h u"n®d red and® fis i"x-»tyd -teeingh tth othuosaunsda n”d t”o inre tnuurmn bienrt,o inthceluird oinwgn “c nouinnettryyh wTUht Wey haand Llef t fit»hhe ir
lUg, men, as appeared from tables written in Greek letters found in the camp. “
ooff Ss wtitz/ errla?nd , the following" fts™p"e®ci e’■s ®'(fti®n" c"l"u'®d i’n"g‘® t™ho‘s"eg ‘aeldr eaanddy -pmreensetirovneedd i)n hdaevber bise eonf dthisec o]avkere-evdi l■l a"»es
f oe Z l 0 0 and marsh plants, enumerated (by Heer, in Lee’s edit. Keller), Chara vn P aris and C
f y d a , Phragmites communis, Scirpus lacustris, Carices, Scheuchzeria palustris, Iris I s e Z T n s '-
A listmZ aT plXanntatgaoZ. PioXlyTgo’n um hydropiper, Galium palusatrned, MPe. nfyluanittahness ;t riCfoelriaattoap hPyellduicmu ladreims ehrasluuXs
Ttills, TP. ThedTerac‘e"us,T P . fTlam mula, R . li"n''g"utoa , and '“ to.«;« and p u m L n ? ZlaanuTncZum Ts aqTua
norr srhe/epXs bXane T(Pr-ioTr), °mft Gothlan"d" ‘ft “fts''®p i"kdbjloaidn”in g( Lpionrnti.o) n of tAersmiae. d C“acloletdy leidno nB riXtain w/hi t”e r/ot
Dodoens pempt. 113, “ li. vulgaris ” by Tournefort. inst. 328, and known to »row from Iceland fWats f
throughout Lurope (Gerarde 528, Curt. Iond. vi. 19, fl. da? pl. 90, and Peis.) a / i n t o r t li I f r U
and as far as Eastern Asia (Wats.) : was observed by Linnæus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp in marshes
(w L s ) " ft"“ ’"'- ft'""'"'“ «' European colonists carried to Jamaica (P ers.), aid Australia
of m'osses, undoubtedly used for stopping holes in the walls of the
L /; / J bedding, AnHtrichia curtipendula; Nekera compianata and N . crispa; Thuidium dcli- catidum, Anomodon viticulosus, Leucodon sciuroides, and Hylocomium brevirostre ■
Of plants for procuring fire, or tinder fungi, Polyporus igniarius, P . fom entarius; and Doedaha
quercina : Of forest trees and shrubs, Pinus sylvestris, P . montana, P. abies, and P. picea; Taxus baccata,
Juniperus communis, Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus, Betula alba, A lnus glutinosa; Salix repens
and S. cinerea; Fraxinus excelsior. Ilex aquifolium, Euonymus Europæus, Acer, Sorbus aucuparia,
and Rhamnus franquía ; and at Robenhausen, twigs and remains of leaves of Viscum album, the
sacreRdh palmanntu osf ftrháen gGualuals : of Northern Europe and Asia. — Called in Danish “ spregner,” in Dutch
“ sporkenhout,” in German “ sporkenholz” or “ spreckenholz” (Cockayne); in which we recognize
the “ spracen” of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 15. 4 and xxiii: R. frángula is called in Britain
black alder or berry-bearing alder (Prior) ; is termed “ frángula” by Tournefort inst. 612; is known '
to grow from Lat. 65° 30' in Lapland throughout Northern and middle Europe (fl. Dan. pl. 278,
Læstadius, and A. Dec.); was observed by Sibthorp in foe environs of Constantinople; and farther
East, is known to grow in the Oural and throughout Siberia (Gmel., and Ledeb.). According to
Lindley, the berries are emetic.
Of berried fruits, Pyrus maliis, the crab of considerable importance for food, everywhere diffused,
and a larger round variety probably cultivated; P . communis, only a few specimens; P . a ria ;
Prunus spinosa, sloes gathered in great abundance ; P. in sititia; Cerasus padus, bird cherries
gathered in great abundance; C. mahaleb, and only at Robenhausen stones of the sweet cherry;
Rosa canina, the seeds in abundance ; Rubus Idæus, P. fruticosus, and Fragaria vesca, the rarest
of the three; Sambucus nigra, and .S’, ebuius, seeds of both in abundance ; Vaccinium myrtillus, the
seeds rare ; V. vitis-idæa, the leaves only met wdth ; and Viburnum lantana, the berries in several
lake-dwellings :
Of nuts, Fagus sylvatica, beech-nuts abundant and probably used as food ; Corylus avellana,
hazel-nuts including one from Robenhausen bored by the nut-beetle; and I rapa natans :
Of bast and fibrous plants, Tilia grandifolia, and T. p arvifolia ; Linum angustifolium, cultivated
:
Of plants used for dyeing, Reseda luteola may probably have been used for dyeing the linen
cloth :
Of aromatic plants, Carum carui, caraway seeds found at Robenhausen and probably used as
condiments.
Of oil-producing plants, Cornus sanguínea; and at Robenhausen, a cake of seeds of Papaver
somniferum var. antiquum, the seeds probably pressed for oil, or perhaps eaten scattered over bread :
Of culinary vegetables, Pisum sativum the only kind that can with certainty be traced as far
back as the Stone age ; Faba vjilgaris var. Céltica nana appearing in the Bronze age of a strikingly
small size, such as are never found afterwards; A r t / « ; « v a r . microspermum ; Pastinaca sativa
the parsnep ; and Daucus carota the carrot :
Of cereals or different kinds of grain, Hordeum vulgare var. hexastichum sanctum with T riticum
vulgare var. antiquorum, both of them small-grained, are the most ancient, most important,
and most generally cultivated ; next come Hordeum vulgare var. hexastichum densum, Triticum
vulgare var. compactum muticum, Panicum miliaceum, and Setaria Italica; two-rowed barley,
with Trilicnm vulgare var. dicoccum, T. turgidum, and T. monococcum, probably only cultivated
in a few places as experiments; T. spelta, with Avena rariW, appearing later not till the bronze
age ;
Of weeds of the grain-fields, Centaurea cyanus, at Robenhausen only; Lolium tetnulentum;
Lappa major, Agrostemma githago. Lychnis vespertina; Silene Cretica, unknown at the present
day in Switzerland and Germany ; Spergula pentandra, Galium aparine, Medicago m inim a; Cheno-
podium rubrum, C. sp. with striped seeds, and
Arenaria serpyllifoHa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A diminutive annual called
in Britain sand-weed (Prior), remnants in the debris of the lake-villages of Switzerland ; — described
by Fuchsius 23; termed “ alsine minor multicaulis” by Tournefort inst. 243; and known to occur
in fallow ground from Britain throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. iv. pl. 32, and Pers.) ; observed
by Scopoli in Carniolia (Steud.); by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent on walls and in arid situations
from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands; by Bieberstein, along the Taurian
mountains. By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, observed by Hooker on
Iceland, by my.self in fallow ground around Salem and Philadelphia, by A. Gray in “ sandy waste
places” in Central New York, by Short in Kentucky, and by Chapman in “ waste places” as far as
“ Florida.”
Ranunculus repens of Europe and Northern Asia. Remnants of this buttercup in debris of the
early lake-villages of Switzerland : — R. repens is described by Valerius Cordus 8 (Spreng. præf. h.
h.) ; is termed “ r. pratensis repens hirsutus ” by Tournefort inst. 289 ; is known to grow in moist
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