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by Dioscorides as having leaves like wheat, seeds in two or three husks in a terminal head from
which bristles arise : Ae. ovata was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from
the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to the Dardanelles: and “ Ae. triaristata” (seen in
Greece by Bory and regarded by him as perhaps not distinct) was observed by Delile near Alexandria
on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, the “ festuca” called “ aegilops ” is mentioned
by Pliny xviii. 44 and xxv. 93, and as killing barley: Ae. ovata is described by Dodoens,
p. 539; is termed “ gramen spicatum durioribus et crassioribus locustis spica brevi ” by Tournefort
inst. 519 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; is known to occur also in Barbary, and in various parts of
Southern Europe (Scop., Pers., and Spreng.). The traditional belief that wheat changes into this
grass, was ascertained by Godron to arise from hybridization, lasting only a single generation (A. Dec.
P- 933)-
Galanthus nivalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain snowdrop, in
Germany “ schneetropfen ” (Prior), in France “ perce-neige ” (Nugent) ; the A E Y K O I O N described
by Theophrastus vii. 13. 9 as bulbous with a round root, — is referred here by Dodoens, and Fée : G.
nivalis was observed by Sibtliorp around Constantinople, and by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus.
Westward, is termed “ narcisso-leucoium trifolium minus ” by Tournefort inst. 387 ; and is known to
grow throughout middle Europe as far as Holland (Jacq. austr. pl. 330, prodr. fl. Bat., and A . Dec.) ;
but in Britain was known to Gerarde, and Ray, under cultivation only, and is regarded by Watson as
exotic and naturalized. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues
under cultivation as a garden flower.
Lencoiuni oestivum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The OniTIQN of Theopliras-
tus vii. 13. 9 — is referred to this genus by Camerarius; and L. æstivum, observed by Sibthorp
around Constantinople, seems the only species knowm in Greece. Westward, the “ calathis virentia
lilia canis ” of Columella x. 99 is referred here by Sprengel : L. æstivum is termed “ narcisso-leucoium
pratense multiflorum” by Tournefort inst. 3S7 ; is known to grow in Austria (Jacq. austr. pl. 202, and
Pers.); but is regarded by Watson as cultivated only and naturalized in Britain, and by A. Decandolle
as probably also exotic in Holland and Denmark.
Lloydia Graeca oi tiae East Mediterranean countries. The CICYPi fXION o f Theophrastus i.
10. 7 to caus. vi. II. II, an edible bulb having leaves from the root only, and none from the stem, —
may be compared : the “ sisyrinchion ” is enumerated by Pliny xix. 30 among bulbs known to the
Greeks: L. Graeca is termed “ bulbocodium græcum myosotidis flore ” by Tournefort cor. 50; was
observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent on the loftier mountains from Crete and the Peloponnesus
to Cyprus ; and by Labillardiere v. pl. 8, in Syria.
Scilla hyacinthoides of tlie West Mediterranean countries. The B OA BO C ; E P I O ' i O P O C o f
Theophrastus vii. 13, having an esculent root covered inside of the bark with a woolly substance
of which garments are made, — unknown to Pliny xix. 10, but termed “ bulbus fabrilis ” by Apicius,
is referred here by Dierbach, and Sprengel : S. hyacinthoides is termed “ s. eriophora ” by Miller;
and is known to grow in Portugal and on Madeira (Linn., Ait. i. p. 445, and Pers.).
Ledebouria hyacinthoides oi Hindustan. Called in Hindustanee “ bankanda ” (D'roz.), in the
environs of Bombay “ boe-kunda ” (Graham) ; and the Indian kind differing according to Theophrastus
vii. 13. 8 in being hairy rather than woolly, — may be compared : L. hyacinthoides was observed
by Nimmo in “ both Concans, with two or three other undetermined species ” (Graham) ; by Ainslie,
and Rottler, in other parts of Hindustan as far as Bundelkund, the bulbs “ employed in cases of
strangury and fever in horses,” and according to Theodore Martius also “ as a substitute for squills ”
(Lindl.). Transported to Europe, is described by Sprengel ii. 97, and Boyle bot. mag. pl. 3226.
Urginea Indica of the seashore of Hindustan and Burmah, The Indian squ ill is called in
Hindustanee “ janglipiyaz ” (D ’roz.), in Bengalee “ kanda,” in Tamil “ nurrivungayum,” in Telinga
“ addivi-tella-guddaloo ” (Drur.) ; and is possibly the Indian B 0 A B O C in question :— U. Indica was
observed by Graham “ common on the sandy shores of both Concans,” and “ usually employed as a
succedaneum for the true squill ; ” by Roxburgh, Wight pl. 2063, and Drury, in waste sandy situations
near the sea in other parts of the peninsula, the burnt bulb according to Ainslie applied to the
soles of the feet when suffering from any burning sensation : was observed by Mason v. 491 “ green
flowered,” and frequent “ on the seashore at Monmagon ” in Burmah.
Tnlipa Celsiana of the East Mediterranean countries. The NAPKICCOC: AElPIONof Theophrastus
vi. 6. 9 to 8. I , vernal, having a broad leaf spreading on the ground, and a leafless stem bearing
a terminal flower, — may be compared; T. Celsiana is described by Gouan; was observed by
Gittard along the Alpheus ; by Bieberstein, in tlie Tauro-Caspian countries (Steud.).
I'ulipa Sibthorpiuna of the East Mediterranean countries. The A E I P I O N : E T E P O N o f Theophrastus
vi. 6. 9 to 8. 3, flowering in autumn, — may be compared : T. Sibthorpiana was observed by
Hawkins, and Sibthorp pi. 330, in the Peloponnesus and Asia Minor.
Erythronium dens canis of Europe and Northern Asia. The unnamed plant, aphrodisiac by
ill'
contact according to Theophrastus — (Plin. xxvi. 63), or “ saturion éruthrôniôn” of Dioscorides,
growing in mountainous situations, its seed like flax, root pleasant tasted and said to be aphrodisiac
if held in the hand, is referred here by Lobel: the “ saturion éruthrôniôn” or “ s. ëruthraikôn” or
“ melion to ën udasin ” or “ ëntatikôn ” or “ priapiskon ë morion” or “ saturiskos” or “ orliis satu-
rou ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ möiörtiköulöum vënëris” of the Romans; “ satyrii ery-
tliraicon ” according to Pliny xxvi. 63 is administered to rams and goats, and by the Sarmatians to
horses: E. dens canis is described by Gesner hort. f. 261, and Lobel obs. 97 (Spreng.) ; has not
been observed in Greece; but is known to grow throughout middle Europe (Lam. fl. fr.) ; was observed
by Gmelin i. pl. 7 in Siberia; by Siebold on Yeso, and by the Japanese called “ katakuri,” by
the Ainos “ kiktori.”
Muscari raceinosnm of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain grnpe-hyacinth (Prior),
in Greece “ vôurvôs ” (Sibth.) ; and the B 0 A B I N H of Theophrastus vii. 13. 9 — may be compared :
M. racemosum is among the kinds found by Anguillara sempl. p. 120 eaten on Crete, Zacynthus, and
Corcyra, as well as in Italy (Spreng.); was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus
and on the mountains of Crete. Westward, is described by Dodoens hist. p. 217, and Dalechamp
1502 (Sp reng) ; is termed “ m. arvense juncifolium cæruleum minus” by Tournefort inst.
348; is known to occur in France and middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pl. 187, and A. Dec.), but is
regarded by Watson cyb. ii. 461 as exotic in Britain.
Crocus nudiflorus oi the mountains of the Mediterranean countries. The scentless K P O K O C :
0 : A E Y K O C o f Theophrastus vii. 7 . 4 — may be compared : C. nudiflorus was observed by Sibthorp
on mount Athos. Westward, is termed “ c. autumnalis sativo similis florum capillamentis tenuissimis
minus odoris flore caudidissimo ” by Tournefort cor. 25 ; and is known to grow along the Pyrenees
(Ramond, Lapeyr., Brot., Engl. bot. pl. 491, and Pers.).
Crocus minimus of the mountains of the East Mediterranean countries. The K P O K O C : AKAN
0 Î2A H C : KAI : A O CMO C of Theophrastus vii. 7. 4 — is referred here by Fraas: C. minimus was
observed by him in the middle region of the loftier mountains of Greece. Farther West, is termed
“ c, Imperati ” by Tenore as observed in Italy ; is described also by Decandolle.
Iris foetidissima of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Bxxtam gladdon (Prior),
in Italy “ ricottaria” or ‘“spatula fetida” (Lenz) ; in which we recognize the “ glathiölöum” or “ irim
agrëstëm ” of the Romans identified through Syn. Diosc. with the H I P I C of Theophrastus ix. 8. 7,
— or “ xuris ” having according to Dioscorides red seeds and the flowers purple with a dark red centre
: I. foetidissima was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople. Westward, the “ xuris ” or
“ irin agrian ” or “ kakös ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ apröus ” of the Dacians, and the
irin “ sylvestrem ” called “ x y r in ” is enumerated by Pliny xxi. 83 : I. foetidissima is described by
Matthioli (Spreng.); is termed “ i. foetidissima seu x y r is ” by Tournefort inst. 360 ; and is known to
grow in Italy, Barbary, and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers.).
Lemna trisulca of Northern and Austral Climates. An aquatic plant ; and the A EM N A of Theophrastus
iv. 10. I , growing under the water of the Orchomenian Lake, — is referred here by Billerbeck,
and others : L. trisulca was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to
Constantinople ; is known to grow also around Caucasus and in Northern Asia (Bieb., and A. Dec.),
and as far even as Bengal (Kunth). Westward, is described by Miclieli pl. 11 ; was observed by
Scopoli in Carniolia, by Haller 1901 in Switzerland; is known to grow from Italy to Lapland (Pers.,
Fries, and Wats.), also on the Canaries, Madeira, and the Azores (A. Dec. 1004). Farther West, is
known to grow in North America as far as Lat. 58° (Hook.); was observed by Drummond at 54° on
the Saskatchawan, by Short in Kentucky, by niyself near Boston, by Conrad near Pliiladelphia, and
was received by Muhlenberg from the Clierokee country on the Southern extreme of the Alleghanies.
In the Southern Hemisphere, was observed by R. Brown p. 345 in Tasmania and Southeast Australia
.C
lematis viiicella of the Mediterranean countries. The 0 I N A N 6 H: A f P I A described by Theophrastus
V. 9. 6 as a woody vine climbing around trees, — may be compared. C. viticella was
observed by Sibthorp in hedges around the Nicæan Lake in Bithynia. Westward, is termed “ c.
purpurea repens” by Tournefort inst., 294, “ c. lugubris” by Salisbury (Steud.) ; and is known to
grow ill hedges in Italy and Spain (Pers.).
Anemone nemorosa of Northern climates. The A N EM Q N H C : O P E I O N flowering according
to Theophrastus vi. 8. i in the early spring, — m a ybe compared: A. nemorosa was observed by
Sibthorp in woods on mount Parnassus ; is known to grow also on Caucasus (Bieb.), on the Volga
as far as “ Lat. 53° ” (Pall.), and in Siberia (Dec.). Westward, is termed “ wood-crowfoot ” by Park-
kinson (Prior), “ ranunculus phragmites albus v ernus” by Tournefort inst. 285 ; was observed by
Savi on the Appenines ; by Brotero, on the mountains of Portugal; and is known to grow throughout
middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 549, Curt. lond. ii. pl. 38, and Pers.). Farther
West, is known to grow in North America from the Lower S t Lawrence to Lat. 40° along the Allan-
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