“ yiS A. D. ( = 1375th of Synmu,” art de verif.), Genonei succeeded by Gensioo, granddaughter
of Tenmu, and now at the age of fourteen dairo of Japan.
“ The same year ” (Alst.), Anastasius II. succeeded by Theodosius III., twenty-second Bj-zantine
emperor.
“ In this year” (Biograph, univers.), end of the reign of Dagobert II., king of the Franks.
“ The same year” (A lst., and N icol.), at Rome, Constantinus succeeded by Gregorius the
younger, twenty-fourth archbishop. At this time ( = “ 720 ” of Beda), the practice in England
among nobles and others, men and women, to make visits or pilgrimages to Rome.
“ The same year” (art de verif.), Walid succeeded by Soliman, seventh Ommiad khalif. “ In
■ the reign of Soliman,” building of the nilometer on Rhoda islet (not far from the present city of
Cairo) ; round arches continuing in vogue.
“ 716 A. D. ( = 94 A. H .,” Elph. V. l ) , date of an inscription in Persian in the country between
the Oxus and Jaxartes, — seen by Burnes ii. 269 to 356.
“ In this year” (A lst), Theodosius III. succeeded by Leo III. Isauriis, twenty-third Byzantine
emperor.
“ In or about this year ” (Abulfeda in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), the city of Ramleh, “ twenty-four ” miles
Northwestward from Jerusalem, founded by khalif Soliman. The great caravan-road from Constantinople,
Smyrna, and Damascus, passes through Ramleh to E gyp t.—.T he city is mentioned about
154 years after its foundation, by the monk Bernard; and in the time of Edrisi, was next after Jerusalem
the principal city of Palestine.
“ In this year ” (Jap. mann. 383), two Japanese students visiting China: one of whom returning
became under the designation of Kibino Daisi the most celebrated learned man produced in Japan:
the other remaining behind, was so honoured in China that he held the appointment of Archive
keeper “ sixty-one years.”
“ 717 A. D .” (art de verif.), Soliman succeeded by Omar II., eighth Ommiad khalif.
“ 718 A. D .” (Gaubil, and Pauth. 314), a Sanscrit treatise on Astronomy translated into Chinese
by Y-hang. Who further constructed instruments, and sent mathematicians North and South a long
distance, to triangulate and ascertain the length of the degrees of Latitude, and the position of places
on the Earth’s surface. Y-hang maintained, That the planet Jupiter completes its revolutions in less
than twelve years ; having in “ eighty-four years” made “ seven revolutions and traversed in addition
one twelfth part of the zodiac.”
The Vétala panchavinsati, a series of twenty-five Sanscrit Tales, written as early perhaps as this
date.*
“ 720 A. D .” (art de verif.), Omar II. succeeded by Yezid II., ninth Ommiad khalif.
“ In or about this year” (hist. Cashm., and H. H. Wils. liind. dram. ii. 4), Yasovarman reigning
at Kanoj. He patronized the Sanscrit dramatist Bhav.tbhuti. Bhrigu, Viswamitra, Jamadngnya
(Parasurama son of Jamadagni), also the sage Agastya, Vasishtha, the poetess Sakuntala, and Vaimiki
author of the Ramayana, are mentioned by Bhavabhuti.f
* Erythrina Indica of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A species of coral tree called iu Malabar
“ mooiloo-moorikah,” in Tamil “ muruka-marum,” in Telinga “ badide-chettu,” in Bengalee “palita-
mandar,” in Hindustanee “ furrud ” (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay “ pangara ” (Graham), in Burmah
“ ka-theet” (M ason); in which we recognize the “ muruca” tree of the Vétala panchavinsati, — referred
here by B. G. Babington (lond. Or. transl.) : E. Indica was observed by Rheede vi. pl. 7 in
Malabar; by Graham, “ common throughout the Concans,” a “ middle sized tree, trunk and branches
armed with black prickles,” in the Deccan “ generally used as a prop for vines ; ” by Roxburgh, and
Wight, in other parts of Plindustan as far as Coromandel and Bengal, yielding the mootchie wood,
light and easily worked, mucli used for boxes, sword-scabbards, toys, idols, and even rafts and canoes
(B . G. Bab., and Drur.) ; by Mason v. 531, indigenous in Burmah, furnishing soft white wood “as
easily worked as the pine.”
f Elezocarpu- gnnitrus of Tropical Hindustan. A tree called in the environs of Bombay “oodrach ”
(G raham ); and the sacred rosary around the wrist of the military student mentioned by Bhavabhuti
uttar. iv. — (transl. H. H. Wils ), the circlet of grains of “ aksha” of Kalidasa ragh. xi. 56, and the
“ aksha” prescribed by Susrutas, are referred here by writers: E. ganitrus is described by Rumphius
iii. pi. loi ; was observed by Nimmo in the Southern Concan, the nuts “ worn as necklaces by
Brahmins and Faqueers ” (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindu.stan ; and by
Burmann pl. 20, on Ceylon. By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it
continues in gardens (Boj.).
Cedrela {Soymida) febrifuga of Tropical Hindustan. A large tree called in Sanscrit “ roliuna,
in Mahratti “ rohuni” (J. F. W ats.), in Hindustanee “ rohana,” in B engalee'“ rohun,” in Telinga
OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D I’L A N T S.
Mimusops elengi ol Tropical Hindustan. An ornamental tree called in Sanscrit “ bakula” or
“ vukoola” (J. F. Wats.), in Bengalee “ bukul,” in Plindustanee “ mulsari,” in Malabar “ elengee,” in
Telinga “ poghada,” in Tamil “ maghaclam” (D rur.), in Mahratta “ bugool” or “ buckoolee,” in the
environs of Bombay “ vowlee ” (Graham); in which we recognize the “ bakula” flowers of Bhavabhuti
mal. ii.,— Jayadeva, and the “ vakula” tree and flowers of Kalidasa ragh. viii. 63 to ix. 33, Susrutas,
and the Avadana puma: M. elengi was observed by Rheede i. pl. 20 in Malabar ; by Graham, “ in
gardens Bombay,” and “ wild in the ravines at Kandalla,” the “ Mussulman had the good taste to
plant it round their mausoleums ; ” by Roxburgh, wild only “ on the mountains of the Rajahmundry
“ soimida,” in Tamil “ shem-marum ” or “ woond-marum ” (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay “ rotten ”
or “ ruhim” (Graham) ; in which we recognize the “ roliin” of Bhavabhuti mal. 9, against whose hollow
trunk an elephant is leaning : — S. febrifuga was observed by Gibson, Auld, and Nimmo, “ in considerable
abundance in various parts of Goozerat, also in the Adjunta jungles,” at “ the’ Sindwah
ghaut,” and the “ Jowar jungles ” (Graham) ; by Roxburgh cor. i. pl. 17, and Wight, in other parts of
the peninsula, its wood remarkably liard and heavy, greatly used by the natives for wood-work in their
temples (D iur.). The bark according to Duncan, Ainslie, and others, is a good tonic fevers (Lindl ). in intermittent
Dalbergia Oujeincnsis olEasXoro Hindustan. A tree called in Sanscrit “ tinisha” (Pidd.) ; and
the “ timsa ” of Bhavabhuti mal. 9, — prescribed medicinally by Susrutas chik. 19 to kalp. 7, is referred
here by H essler: B. Oujeinensis was observed by Roxburgh, Wight pl. 391, and Beddome, from the
Godavery forests and Nagpore to Oude and Dheyra Dhoon, its timber useful and valuable employed'
for makmg furniture and for house-building, and a kino extracted from the bark (Drur.).
Pentaptera arjuna of Tropical Hindustan. A tree called in Sanscrit “ arjuna” (J. F. Wats ) in
Bengalee “ arjoon,” in Hindustanee “ cahua ” (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay “ arjuna” or “ union
sadra” (Graham) ; in which we recognize the “ arjuna” of Bhavabhuti 9, — Kalidasa ragh. xvi. 57,
and Susrutas : P. arjuna was ob.served by Law “ common in the jungles to the southeastí) f Surat,”’
and Gibson found its bark “ in great repute among the natives as a tonic internally, and a vulnerary
applied externally ” (Graham); was observed by Roxburgh, Wight, and Powell, as far as the Punjaub
and Bengal (Drur.). A species possessing simil.ir medicinal properties and possiblv not distinct, is known to grow in Burmah (Mason v. 533).
Jasminum auricnlaium of Tropical Hindustan ? A shrub called in Sanscrit “ yoothika” (Pidd.),
ni the environs of Bombay " ja i” (Graham) ; in which we recognize the “ yuthika” of Bhavabhuti
q f v Susrutas sutr. 36 to chik. 8 and 17: J. auriculaltim from the gardens of the Hindus of
Malabar is described by Vahl symb. iii. i ; was observed by Graham in the'environs of Bombay, “ in
gardens scarce ; ” by Roxburgh, and others, as far as Bengal.
Convolvulus (Argyreia) cuneata of Tropical Hindustan. A shrub, twining when near support
(Graham) ; and the cloud spreading over the peak of the mountain, dark as (he “ tapincha” blossom
when full grown and opening at top, mentioned by Bhavabhuti mah. 5, — may be compared ; A. cuneata
was observed by Graham “ common in the Mawul districts above the Ghauts,” the flowers “ prettv
large” and “ exceedingly beautiful,” of a “ deep bright purple colour;” by Roxburgh, in other part's
0p l. H21in70d.u stan. Transported to Europe, is termed “ ipomea atrosan"g uinea ” in the Botanical maOoazi'n-e
Salix tetrasperma of Hindustan. The Indian willow i.s a small elegant looking tree (Graham) ;
and willows overhanging Godaveri river are mentioned in Bagabhuti uttal. 2— (transl H H Wils ) •
S. tetrasperma was observed by Law, and Graham, in “ the vale of the Yena and other moist places',
Mahablesliwur,” and “ various parts of the Southern Mahratta country; ” by RoxburMi cor i pl 07
and Wight, as far as the Khasia hills and Oude (Drur.).
Uforfora superba of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A gaudy ancl beautiful climber called in
Malabar “ mendoni,” m Tamil “ caateejan,” in Hindustanee “ cariari ” (Drur.), in the environs of Bom-
hay -kananag” or “ indoii ” or “ kalaw ee” or “ buchnag” (Graham), in Hindustanee “ ulatchandul”
U- r . Wats.), in Burmah hsee-mee-touk ” (iMason) ; and tlie lily windins; on its slender stalk men-
tioned by Bhavabhuti - (transl. H. H. W ils.), may be compared : G. s'uperba was observed by
'.leede vii. pl. 57 m Malabar; by Murray, and Graham, “ common in Guzerat and Concans Maha-
hleshwur,” springing up "oiily during the rains,” its root tuberous; by Ro.xburgh, Wight, and Drury
as lar as Travancore and Bengal, its root said by tlie natives to possess nearly the same properties a,?
la ot Aconitum ferox and hence termecl “ wild aconite,” applied in paste to the hands and feet in difficult
parturition, ancl a salt procured from it by repeated washing ancl grinding ; bv Mason, indigenous
m Burmali, Westward, was observed by Bojer on Mombas island, near the A'frican coast; but by
Buiopean colonists, was cai ried to tlie Mauritius Isl.inds (Boj.). As transported to Europe, is described
y eimann lugd. pl. 689 I’lukeiiet aim. pi. 116, ancl Darwin loves of plants.
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