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Abutilón Avicenuae ai China and Mongolia. Mentioned by Avicenna — (according to Gaertner):
from seeds sent from Pekin, ascertained by Roxburgli to be the “ king ma ” of China, occurring from
“ Lat. 32° to 39° ” and cultivated for its fibre (Royle him. p. 116 and fibr. pl.) ; observed by Pallas
trav. i. 593 as far West as the Yaik. Farther West, is described by Gesner, Anguillara, Matthioli,
Dalechamp p. 592 (Spreng.), Dodoens, Camerarius, and C. Bauhin ; is known to occur in Siberia
and Switzerland (Pers.), and is regarded by A. Decandolle as “ probably naturalized in Southern
Europe.” Possibly by European colonists carried to Northeast America, where it continues in
Carolina and Georgia “ in waste places chiefly in the middle and upper districts ” (Ell., and Chapm.);
so far as observed by myself from Lat. 39° to 43° along the Atlantic, has more of the aspect of a weed
brought by our aboriginal tribes. _
Reseda Mediterranea of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Egypt “ romeykh” (Forsk.,
and Del.), and the “ raamek ” of Avicenna (Kirst.) may be compared : the “ gselbehnak ” of Avicenna
— (Kirst.), and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sontheimer : R. Mediterranea is described by Linnæus ;
was observed by Sibthorp in grain-fields on the Greek islands ; by Forskal p. 92 at Alexandria ; by
Delile, not far from Cairo growing in the Desert ; is known to groroy also in Palestine (Pers.).
Melia azedaracli of Subtropical Japan and China. Called in Egypt “ zænzalacht ” (Forsk.), in
Northern Hindustan “ dek ” (Royle): the “ azedarach ” of Avicenna —is referred here by writers,
probability favouring according to Royle him. p. 141 : the “ mahanimba ” of Susrutas is referred
here by Plessler: M. azederach is known to occur on Ceylon (Pers.) ; was observed in Plindustan by
Roxburgh, Royle, and Wight; by Graham, “ a common tree, generally met with about villages both
in the Concan and Deccan,” the name given me by the natives signifying “ English tree,” but according
to Roj’le var. sempervirens is distinguished in Plindustanee as “ bukayun” or “ bukain.”
Farther East, M. azedarach is enumerated by Mason v. 411 and 479 as “ exotic” in Burmah and
called “ ka-ma-kha,” cultivated for ornament and the root used as a vermifuge; was observedby
Blanco on the Philippines, in one or more localities and called in Tagalo “ malongain ; ” by Kaempfer,
and Thunberg, frequent in Japan from Nagasaki to Jeddo, having several native names and
furnishing oil for burning. Westward from Hindustan, was observed by Forskal under cultivation
in Yemen ; by him, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt ; by Rauwolf, and Plasselquist, in Palestine ;
by Chaubard, on the Greek islands; is termed “ pseudo-sycamorus ” by Matthioli pl. 232; and is
known to occur under cultivation as far as Spain (Pers., and Blanco). By European colonists, was
carried to the West Indies (Comm. hort. pl. 176, Swartz ii. p. 737) ; to our Southern States, \vhere it
i.s planted for ornament and called China tree (Chapm.) ; and as verified by myself, to Taheiti, and
the Hawaiian Islands.
M. composita, enumerated as distinct, was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh ii. p. 397, and
Wight; by Graham, “ a middle sized tree ” called “ neembarra ” or “ limbarra,” on the “ hilly parts
of the Concan, Parr Ghaut, not common.”
Canarium commune of the Malayan Archipelago. The Java almond or elemi tree, pinnateleaved
ancl called in Hindustanee “ junglee-badam ” (Drur.), in Tagalo “ palsahingin,” in Ylocano
“ anten” (Blanco), was known to Avicenna as growing at Macassar — (Spreng.) ; was observed by
Blanco on the Philippines, the liquid resin procured from the trunk much used by the natives ; by
Rumphius ii. pi. 47 to 48, under cultivation on the Moluccas, where according to Ainslie its exudation
is burned as a lamp ; by myself, under cultivation as far East as the Feejeean Islands. Westward,
is known to occur on Java (Drur.) ; is termed “ amyris Zeylanica’’ by Retz iv. 25, observed by
him on Ceylon ; was observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, in peninsular Hmdustan, yielding according
to Lindley “ abundance of limpid oil, with a pungent turpentine smell, congealing in a buttery cam-
phoraceous substance,” the “ raw fruit eatable but apt to bring on diarrhcea.” By European colonists.
was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it is called “ bois de colophane.” From transported
specimens, is termed “ colophonia jMauritiana ” and “ balsamodendron Zeylanicum ” by Decandolle
prodr. ii. 76 to 79, and “ bursera paniculata” by Lamarck (Lindl.). ^
Mimosa nbstergens of Hindustan. Called at Lahore “ shekai ” (Plonigb.) ; and the “ schekaaai^
of Avicenna,— may be compared: M. abstergeos is described by Honigberger 403, as observed tn
Hindustan (J. F. Wats.).
Lathyrus tuberosus of the Uralian plains. Called by the Calmucks “ sohnok ” (Pall.), m Eei-
many “ erdnuss ” or “ sewbrot ” (Trag.); and the “ harthanita” of Avicenna —is referred hereby
some writers : L. tuberosus was observed by Pallas trav. i. 513, cooked and eaten by the Calmucks ;
by Tragus ii. pl. 19 in cultivated ground in Germany, its tuberous roots sometimes eaten, and miicli
sought for by swine ; is known to occur also in France (Pers.).
spiraea aruncus of Northern climates. Called in Germany “ waldgeissbart ” (Trag.), m Japan
“ sjoma” or “ torino asikusa” (Sieb.); and the “ barba hircina” described as astringent by Avicenna,
— and Serapion, may be compared : S. aruncus was observed by Tragus i. pl. 95 in Germany ;
is known to grow also on the Pyrenees and Jura (Dec.), and on Caucasus (Bieb.) ; was observed by
Thunberg on mount Fakon in Japan ; by Siebold, on the island of Yeso ; by Gmelin, throughout
Siberia to Kamtschatka. Farther East, is known to grow on Puget Sound and from the mouth of
the Columbia to its source (Hook.) ; was observed by E. Janies on the Missouri ; by Beck, near St.
Louis ; by Michaux, on the Alleghanies from Georgia to Virginia; by Schweinitz, at 36° in Upper
Carolina ; anci by Eaton, as far as the Catskill mountains.
Manettia lanceolata of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen “ laæja” (Forsk.), and the “ laija”
described by Avicenna as bitter and milky, or “ laaijah ” of Abu Khoraij, Elgafaki, and Ebn Baitar,
may be compared: M. lanceolata was observed by Forskal p. 42 everywhere on the mountains of
Yemen, the bruised root applied to ulcers.
Memecylon tinctorium of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A highly ornamental shrub called
in Mahratta “ aiijun” or “ anjuna” (J. F. Wats.), in the environs of Bombay “ anjunee ” (Graham),
in Telinga “ alii chetlu,” in Tamil “ kayampoovoocheddi ” or “ casau-clieddy ” or “ casha-marum ”
(Drur.), in Burmah “ myen-khæ-ta-nyet ” (Mason); and the plant growing according to Avicenna
165 in Yemen and India, and dyeing yellow,— mentioned also by Serapion c 170, is referred here by
Sprengel: M. tinctorium was observed by Rheede v. pl. 19 in Malabar; by Murray, Law, and Graham,
“ common at Mahableshwur” and “ along the Ghauts;” by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as
Travancore and Coromandel, cultivated besides in gardens, its fruit eaten and leaves “ affording a
delicate yellow lake ” (Drur.) ; by Mason v. 419 to 512, indigenous in Burmah, its leaves affording
a bright yellow dye. Westward, if occurring in Yemen, doubtless only in gardens.
Strychnos ignatia of the Philippines. Imported Ignatius beans are called in Arabic “ nar-
muschk” (Mowafik ii. 96), in Persian “ fafita,” in'Hindustanee “ papita” (J. F. Wats.) ; in which we
recognize the “ naarmesk” of Avicenna: —these beans are “ used successfully in India as a remedy
for cholera ” (Lindl.). Farther East, the living tree is described by Loureiro i. 155; was observed
by Blanco in the Bisayan portion of the Philippines, especially in Catbalogan, and called in Bisaya
“ pangaguason ” or “ aguason ” or “ canlara” or “ mananaog” or “ dancagai” or -‘igasud” or “ cata-
Ionga,” in Pampango “ pepita sa Catbalogan,” in Tagalo “ pepita” or “ fruta,” used in fevers and
against the bite of poisonous reptiles. Described also by Kamel phil. trans. xxi. 88 and act. erud.
1700, and termed “ caniram de St. Ignaco” by Petit Thouars (Steud.).
Pergularia tomentosa of Nubia and Arabia. A woody Asclepiaceous vine called in middle
Egypt “ leben el-liomarah ” donkey’s milk (Del.), in Yemen “ dæmia” (Forsk); the “ lactuca asini ”
of Avicenna—maybe compared: P. tomentosa was observed by Forskal, and Delile, not far from
Cairo, growing in the Desert; by Forskal p cviii and 49, among the mountains of Yemen near Taæs.
Eastward, by Graham, “ comnion in gardens Bombay,” its “ flowers yellow, very fragrant;” by
Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Plindustan ; is described also by Rumphius lii. pl. 26 ; was
observed by Mason v. 421 “ exotic” in Burmah, cultivated for its fragrant flowers; is termed
“ cynanchum odoratissimum” by Loureiro, as observed by him in Anam.
Hyoscyamus pusillus of Persia. The yellow-flowered “ bnj ” of Avicenna 145, — and Serapion
c. 340, is referred here by Sprengel : H. pusillus is known to grow in Persia (Pers.): transported
to Europe, is described by Plukenet aim. pl, 37. f. 5.
Mentha piperita of Plindustan. Called in Egypt “ lemmam” or “ na’na” (Del., and Lincll,), in
which we recognize the “ nana” of Avicenna, — Edrisi, the treatise Erfahrungen, and Ebn Baitar:
the Coptic or Egjptian “ soumanas ” (Edw.) may also be compared: M. piperita was observed by
Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt. Farther North, has not been found in Greece, but is
described by Linnæus, is well known in gardens throughout middle Europe, is called in Britain pepper
m int (Prior), and had become naturalized there before the days of Persoon. Eastward from
Egypt, the “ nana” is identified by Persian writers with the “ podeena,” a “ species of mint cultivated
in the gardens of Northwestern India” (Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl.) ; M. piperita is called in
Bengalee and Hindustanee “ pudina,” also in Hindustanee “ nana,” and the liquor distilled from it
“ araq-!-nana” (D’rozar.) ; was observed by Law “ on the banks of tlie Yena at Mahableshwur,” but
as occurring in gardens around Bombay is said by Nimmo to have been introduced from Europe
(Graham) : farther East, a species of mint “ exotic ” in Burmah and called “ boo-dee-na” is enumerated
by Mason ; and M, piperita was observed by Thunberg in Japan, around Nagasaki and called
“ faki.” By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to be cultivated,
and to a limited extent has become naturalized (A. Gray, ancl Chapm.) ; also to South America
(Lindl.). According to Pereira, is “ an aromatic stimulant and the most pleasant of all the
mints.” (See M. arvensis.)
Salicornia Arabica of the shores of the Red Sea. Called by Arabs in Hindustan “ ushiian ”
(J. F. Wats., U. U. 163, B. 69), in which vve recognize the aschnaanun ” of Avicenna— (Kirst.), or
“ usclinan” of Ebn Baitar; S. Arabica was observed by Forskal p. 3 on the shore of the Red Sea
from Ghomfude to Djidda; by Pallas trav. i. 745, on salines near the Ca.spian. From transported
specimens, is described by Morison ii. 5. pi. 33.
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