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B y z a n t i n u s tpi, I p o m a e a L u u n o s a 164 n. 5, A s c l e p i a s a m o e n a 3S6, H e r a c l e u m e l e g a n s 954, S e h n n m
p e u c e d a n o id e s 90411. 2, C a u c a l i s U p t o p h y l l a 920, S t a t i c e m n c r o n a t a 1235, T o v a r i a V i r g i n i a n a 875 f- 6,
E u p h o r b i a i s a t i f o H a 188 n. 11, E r o d i u m p e t r a e u m 709 n. 4, A s t r a g a l u s B a e i i c u s 1084 n. 23, P r e n a n -
i h e s s p i n o s a 804, S e r a p i a s m i c r o p h y l l a 218 n. 8, H e l i a n t h u s f r o n d o s u s 130 n. 8, A s t e r T r a d e s c a n l t
C r o c u s b i f l o r u s of the East Mediterranean countries. Transported to Britain, is described by
Parkinson theatr. 162 n. 10— (Spreng.), and Miller— (Steud.) ; escaping from cultivation has been
found growing .spontaneously in a single park (A. Dec. g. plant. 691+ Eastward, was observed by
Chaubard around the Saronica gulf of the Peloponnesus.
N a r c i s s u s i n c o m p a r n b i l i s of the West Mediterranean countries. Transported lo Britain, is termed
“ nonpareille” by Parkinson theatr. 68 ; — and escaping from cultivation, has maintained itself for
probably two centuries in a park near Swansea (Dillw., and Wats.), occurs also in a locality in the
county of Worcester, as well as in Normandy (A. Dec.). In its wild state, is known to grovv in Portugal
and Spain (Pers.), was observed by Gouan near Montpelier (Steud.).
“ The same y e a r ” (Winthrop, and Plolmes), settlers from Lynn near Salem, removing to the
Eastern end of Long Island, erected themselves into a civil government.
“ In this y e a r ” (Stirling, and W. W. Hunter), one of the wives of Sultan Shujar, governor of
Behar, Orissa, and Bengal, healed by surgeon Boughton. As a reward, the English were now allowed
to build factories at Balasor and Hugli.
“ In this y e a r ” (Sieb. elucid. Vries p. 102), Françoys Caron chief of the Dutch trade in Japan
describes the land of Yeso as “ very large, has often been explored by Japanese, deeply and far travelled
through, but no one has ever come to the end or come to any certainty respecting it, so that they
have generally come short of food and each time been obliged to return ; the reports of visitors have
been such that his majesty’s curiosity to know more about it has been restrained, for the land (as is
said) is wild, and in some parts inhabited by a people with hairy bodies, wearing long hair and beards,
as brutal as the Chinese, more like savages than like other men.”
“ 1641 A. D .” (art de verif ), the Dutch excluded from Japan, confined to the islet of Desima
opposite Nangasaki ; where under strict guard they were allowed to continue their trade.
“ April i6tli ” (H. C. Murphy note to Vanderd. vertoogh 83), the value of good sewan (wampum)
fixed by director Kieft in New Netherland at four pieces for a stiver, and of loose sewan at six. This
Indian money in the absence of coin long continued in u.se even among the Whites.
“ In this y e a r ” (Pauth. 4tS), in China, civil war; and by the Imperial general, the dykes of the
Hoang-ho cut on the “ 9th of October,” destroying great numbers of rebel troops, and contrary to his
expectations the city of Kai-foung, in all “ more than three hundred thousand persons.” P. Martin
Martini visiting the site soon afterwards, found in place of a city “ only a large lake.”
“ Oct. 23d'” (Blair), in Ireland, beginning of the massacre of the Protestants.
“ 1642, Jan. 4 th ” (Blair), five members of the Commons of England demanded by king Charles :
initiating civil war. A memorable resolve of the Commons in favour of New England (Hutchinson i.
114, and Holmes), in consideration of having “ had good and prosperous success without any public
charge to this state,” exempting its imports and exports from custom, subsidy, or taxation.
“ The same y e a r ” (Winthrop journ. ii. p. 67 and 89, and Tuckerm. archæol. Amer. iv. p. 140), the
White Mountains of New England first ascended by a European; by Darby Field, “ an Irishman,
living about Pascataquack.”
“ In this y e a r ” (Poole introd. Wond. Prov. xxii), publication of Lechford’s “ Plain dealing,” a
work on New England.-
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng., and Winckler), lac. Bontius publishing his Medecin. Indor., enumer-
a t i n g J u s t i c i a b e t o n i c a 146, C a l a n c h o e l a c tm a t a 132.
C y a t h u l a p r o s t r a t a of the Malayan archipelago and islands of the Pacific. Ob.served by Bontius
150, — and Blume, on Java; by Rheede x. pl. 79 in Malabar; by Graham, “ annual, a w e ed ” in the
env’irons of Bombay; by Loureiro, in Cochinchina ; by Rumphius vi. p l 11, and received by Roxburgh
from the Moluccas ; was observed by myself, frequent around dwellings on Luzon ; by Brackenridge,
at Savu-Savu in the Feejeean Islands; by myself, on the Samoan Islands not far inland, but on
Taheiti in the deep mountain-forest. Westward from Hinclustan, is known to occur in Western
Equatorial Africa (fl. Nigr. p. 492) : but probably by European colonists, was carried to the West
Indies and Brazil (Moq., and A. Dec.).
Westward, was observed by_Michaux (Steud.) ; by Pursh, from Canada to Carolina ; by myself, from
43° to 40° along the Atlantic, subaquatic, forming beds on the margin of slow-moving streams ; by
Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, “ Florida, and northward; by Short, in Kentucky ; ” and by
Nuttall, along the Arkansas.
“ The same y e a r ” (Flacourt ii, r), the French East India Company formed: and “ about September,”
arrival in Madagascar of a ship sent by them. Continuing on, the two commissioners on board,
Pronis and Foucquembourg, took possession of Mascireigne Island and Diego Rois in the name of
the French king ; and returning to Madagascar, established a colony at Manghafia in “ S. Lat. 24° 30',”
wliich was joined by “ six or eight ” of the survivors of a sliipwrecked French vessel. — “ The following
year,” the colony was removed to Fort Dauphin in “ Lat. 25° 6'.”
“ Nov. 24th ” (Churchill coll.), by Abel Jansen Tasman sailing from Mauritius East, land discovered
in “ forty-two degrees twenty-five minutes” and named “ Antony van Diemens la n d s : ” he
remained on the coast some days, and anchored, but saw “ only the footing of wild beasts and some
smoaks ” (kindled by Tasmanians). Continuing East to “ the country called on the maps New Zealand,”
and anchoring there, four of his men were killed by the natives : — “ the northwest cape of this
land” was reached “ Jan. 4th,” and a cluster of outlying islets was named “ Three kings.” Sailing
thence Nortlieast, a small island was seen in “ twenty-two degrees thirty-five minutes,” which could
not be reached but was called “ Piilstreet’s ” Island. “ Jan. 21st,” two islands in “ twenty-one degrees
twenty minutes ” were named “ Amsterdam ” and “ Zealand ; ” and on the first, “ many h o g s , h e n s , and
all sorts of fruit” were procured; the inhabitants (Tongans) being “ friendly, had no weapons, and
seemed to know no evil, but that they would steal.” Thence sailing Northward, many islands were
seen ; and in “ seventeen degrees nineteen minutes,” eighteen or twenty islands on the charts called
“ Prince William’s Islands or Hemskirk’s Shoals.” Inclining now Westward, “ March 22d, in five
degrees two minutes south latitude,” about twenty islands were in sight “ called in the charts Onthong
Java, about ninety miles from the coast of New Guinea.” Passing the Islands of Mark, already known,
the natives of which “ are savage and have their hair tied up ” (Papuans) ; passing also Green Island,
and St. John’s Island, New Guinea was reached “ April i s t ” in “ four degrees thirty minutes,” at the
“ cape calleci by the Spaniards Santa M a r ia :” the West end of New Guinea was reached “ May
i8th ; ” and the voyage terminated at Batavia.
“ 1643 A. D .” (Spreng.), Oelhafen publishing his Elench. plant, dantisc., enumerating “ three
hundred and forty-eight species.”
“ May 19th ” (Winthrop, and Holmes), union of the New England colonies, Massachusetts, Plymouth,
Connecticut, and New Haven : for amity, offence and defence, mutual advice and assistance.
Rhode Island petitioning to be admitted, was refused, unless on condition of submitting to the jurisdiction
of Plymouth. Massachusetts was in this year divided into counties or shires.
“ June Sth ” (Sieb. eluc. p. 34), after leaving the supposed Northern point of Japan, the Dutch
navigator Maerten Gerrits Vries in sight of the island of Yeso at Cape Eroen. Continuing along the
Eastern coast, on the “ 13th ” he saw mount Tsiuna on Kunasiri ; two wooden crosses were found on
this island (marking probably the graves of Christian converts). On the “ 17th,” he sailed along land
named by him “ Staetenlant ” or “ Staeten eylant ” (Yeterop), the “ high mountains very sparkling
from the snow.” On the “ 19th,” he caught “ a glimpse of land,” found to contain “ very high nioun?
tains which shone much with the snow,” and named it “ Compagnyslant ” (Urup), the land in many
places “ still covered with snow down to the water’s edge ; ” landing “ June 20th,” Spring appeared to
be just beginning, the «/«Vr-trees began to bud, and among other herbs met with was “ sorrel just the
same as grows at home ” ( A c e t o s a p r a t e n s i s ? ) . There being no land in the Northwest, he proceeded
in this direction, and on the 27th having reached “ N. Lat. 47° 27',” decided to return Southward ; he
reached the West end of Yeterop, discovered the strait separating this island from Kunasiri; and
thence proceeding Westward, “ from the 13th to the 14th of July ” was in the middle ofth e strait separating
Yeso from Krafto (Saghalin), but supposed the land in the West continuous and entered Aniwa
Bay; on the “ 2tst,” he doubled Cape Aniwa (on Krafto) ; steering North and afterwards Northwest,
he entered Patientie Bay, and reached the mouth o f the river (Boronai in “ N. Lat. 49° 1 5 '” ) ;
leaving Cape I’atientie, it was decided on the “ 3d of August ” to return South, and passing through
the strait between Yeterop and Urup he reached the harbour of Tayouan in Formosa “ Nov. iSth.”
The Ainos are described by Vries and his companions as gaining “ their subsistance in a small
boat which is cut out of a thick tree, strengthened on eacli side with four planks one foot high ; ”
have their boats towed by dogs, as also ice-sledges, and the dogs are besides taught to capture salmon :
fire is procured by means of “ square planks with a hollow,” in which they put a “ short s t ic k ”
inserted in a reed, “ and rub it between the hands so that it turns round, and so being dipped in
melted sulphur they hold that to it and soon have burning fire.”
“ The same year (= 2303d of Synmu,” art de v er if), abdication of Niote in favour of her brother
Gotto-mio, now dairo of Japan.
The following particulars respecting the aboriginals of New England are given by Roger W illiams
(key, the vocabulary “ framed chiefly after the Narroganset dialect,” hist. coll. iii. 203): “ There
is a mixture of this language, north and south, from the place of my abode” (Providence) “ about six
hundred miles.” The natives “ constantly anoint their heads, as the Jews did : ” they “ gave dowries
120
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