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tribe, and the Hindu people called Zuth. The Muslims now having mosques throughout Guzerat as
far as Cambay ; a Muslim prefect, appointed over them by Balhara ; and at Cambay, Camuhul, Sindan
and Saimur, Muslim courts of justice.
“ 977 A. D.” (Blair), the Bohemians subdued by the emperor Otho II.
“ In this year (= 367 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Isakh succeeded by Sebektegin, now third sultan
of Ghazni. He was attacked by Jeipal Hindu king of Lahore, — who was twice defeated at Laghman,
and the Ghazni dominions were extended to the main river Indus at Peshawer. Hamid Khan Lodi,
Muslim ruler of Laghman and Multan, tending his submission (Elph. v. 3).
“ 978, March iSth ” (Nicol ), Edward II. succeeded by Ethelred IE, fourteenth Anglo-Saxon king
of England.
zlbout this time (“ 960 to 1000” Krapf trav ), Keelwah on the coast of East Africa founded by
Arabs.
Eltamimi at this time writing. — He died in 9S0 (= “ 370 Flej ” of Ebn Abi Osaib., Soyout., and
South.).
Cheiranthus chciri of the cliffs of the Mediterranean. The “ khiri ” of Eltamimi i. p. 443, — Elgafaki,
and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Stapel and others: C. cheiri was observed by Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraas, on rocks and walls in Southern Greece and on the Greek islands. Westward,
is known to grow on walls in Spain (Pers.) ; and according to Prior, was “ introduced from Spain”
into England “ as a ‘ wall stock-gillofer,’ which became successively wallgilliflower and wall-ßowerj"
is described by Brunswyck (Spreng.), Dodoens, and Gerarde ; is termed “ leucoium Iuteum vulgare”
by Tournefort inst. 221 ; and in journeying through Europe, was observed by my.self chiefly abounding
in England, and clearly a genuine cliff plant that originated in some country containing mural
precipices. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to he cultivated
for ornament; and to Hindustan, where it was observed by Graham “ in gardens” around
Bombas'.
Balanites Aegyptiaca of the Southern border of the Sahara from the Atlantic to Hindustan. The
“ zakkum el achar” described by Eltamimi as a tree growing in ravines of the mountains of Persia
and supposed there to be the myrobalanus chebula, transported into Syria and cultivated, the nuts
yielding an oil of wonderful properties, — and by Ebn Baitar as a thorny tree, may be compared:
B. Aegyptiaca was observed by Alpinus p. 20 and 205 in a garden at Cairo, a single tree described by
Vesling as “ myrobalanus el-chabul,” named to Delile “ sagar el-kably,” bnt which according to Figari,
and Lloyd, has since disappeared. Farther up the Nile, was observed by Delile at Siout ; by Vansleb
at Esneh ; by Lepsius eg. and sin. p. 217, in Upper Nubia; by Cailliaud, from Sennaar to Fazoglo;
and Westward, by Lippi in the Oasis El-wah, and by Adanson fam. plant, ii. p. 508 in Senegal. Eastward,
the trees seen by Browne within the city of Cobbe in Dar Fur came from Arabia, and the
“ haledj ” of Southern Arabia is described by Forskal p. xcvi. and 197 as having sweet edible fruit, the
wood tough and hard, much used for household utensils : B. Aegyptiaca is known to grow al.so in
the more.arid portion of Hindustan, in Goozerat, the “ Deccan plains and Candesh,” being “ one of
the few trees which flourishes on black soil,” and is called “ hingenbet” (Roxb., Royle, Gibs., and
Graham). By European colonists, probably through the medium of transported negroes, was carried
to the West Indies, where trees were'seen by Poiteau on Hayti.
Colchicum Illyricum oi . . . . Called in Persian “ us-abai-hoormuz’tylrvine mat. med. patn., and
J. F. Wats, index), in which we recognize the “ asabia Hermes” identified by Ebn Baitar with the
“ schanbalid ” of the Persians and Eltamimi : — C. Illyricum is . . .
“ 979 A. D.” (= 927 0 cycle of 52 years, Clavig. ii.), accession of Xiutzatlzin, Toltec queen of
Mexico.
Opuntia ficus-Indica of the West Indies. The \arge prickly-pear or “ tunas” known there from
early times,*—mentioned by Oviedo nat. hist. 80 and gen. hist. viii. pl. 25, together with the peculiar
* Comocladia dentata of the West Indies. A Terebinthoid tree called on Cuba and Hayti
“ guao” (Lindl.) ; and from early times, death believed to be the penalty for sleeping in its shade: —
observed by Jacquin am. xiii. pl. 173 in the West Indies, its milky juice on exposure turning black, and
indelibly staining linen or the skin (Lindl).
Chrysobalanus icaco of the wooded shores of Tropical America. The coco-plum or “ hicacos”
long known in the West Indies; — observed there by Oviedo gen. hist. viii. 9, Plumier pl. 158,
P. Browne, Catesby, and Jacquin am. pl. 94, by Marcgraf as far as Brazil ; known to grow also along
the seashore on the Pacific side ofthe Isthmus (Benth. bot. Sulph.). From being maritime may have
reached the African shore without human intervention, but was probabiy carried there on account of
its edible fruit, and occurs naturalized only from Senegal to the mouth of the Congo, Js called by the
French “ prune d’Amérique” (Perrottet fl. Sen., and A. Dec ). By European colonists has recently
been introduced into Hindustan (Graham).
effect produced by its edible fruit; was observed also in the West Indies by Sloane, by Jacquin, u.sed
to fortify a town (Pers.). Transported to Europe, was seen by Oviedo in a garden in Italy, and
according to Matthioli was brought within his own recollection from the West Indies ; was known to
Dodoens, Lobel, and Bauhin, only under cultivation (A. Dec.), but has since become naturalized on
the Canaries and throughout the Mediterranean countries, and in Egypt the Aitian name is retained
in “ tin Franj ” fig of Europeans (Forsk., and Del). Possibly by Polynesians, was carried Westward
to the Hawaiian Islands, where it has been established long enough to be regarded by the natives as
indigenous. Clearly by European colonists, was carried farther across the Pacific to the Philippines,
where it is called in Tagalo “ sandocsandoc” or “ dilang baca” (Blanco) ; to Burmah, called there
“ ka-la-zoung ” (Mason) ; to Flindustan, observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, by Graham “ commonly
used as a hedge plant” on the Deccan, by myself forming thickets there and completely naturalized.
Cephaelis ipecacuanha of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of South America. Coffeaceous
and suffruticose, yielding the drug ipecacuanha (Lindl.); the “ gioia” mingled by the Aitians
with another herb as an emetic* — (Columb. and F. Roman Pane 16) may be compared; C. ipecacuanha
was observed by Martius. in the woods of Brazil, is known to grow on the mountains of New
Granada (Lindl ), and was observed by Tussac in the West Indies (Steud.). The drug ipecacuanha,
known in Europe from nearly the middle of the Seventeenth century (Spreng.), was found by Forskal
mat. med. imported by the way of Europe into Egypt. (See lonidium ipecacuanha.)
“ 980 A. D.” (Blair), Apulia and Calabria recovered by the Byzantine emperors.
“ In this year ” (Velasco, and Markh. edit. G. de la Vega ii. p. 347), the Caras, ascending the
river Esmaraldas in balsas,f defeat the Quitus and take possession of their country. Their religion
vvas that of the Sun and Moon, — and “ they built a temple of the Sun on a height near Quito, now
called Panecillo.”
981, “ June (= 372 Hej.,” Sylv. de Sacy, and South.), Soliman Ben Hassam Ebn Joljol writing
at Cordova.
Senecio squalidus of the Egyptian Desert. Called in Egypt “ korraejr ” or “ korreis,” in which
* Geophila retiiformis of Tropical America. A small creeping Coffeaceous herb, possibly one of
the plants in question : —observed by P. Browne 161, and Jacquin am. pl. 46, in moist shady places in
the West Indies (Pers.) ; by Humboldt and Bonpland on the Oronoco, and known to grow in Brazil,
“ its root emetic, used as a substitute for ipecacuanha” (Lindl.). By Polynesians, was carried Westward
to the islands of the Pacific, observed by myself completely naturalized on the Hawaiian Islands,
seemingly wild in deep woods on Taheiti, naturalized on the Samoan Islands occurring on Savaii only
in pathways leading to the Interior forest, naturalized also on the Feejeean Islands, and on the Philippines
on mount Banajao. Farther West, was observed by Rheede pl. 21 in Malabar ; by Roxburgh,
and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan ; and by Nimmo in the “ S. Concan,” nearly as far as Bombay
(Graham).
Lucuma mauunosa of the Upper Oronoco. Called by French and Englisli colonists mammei-
sapote, by Spanish “ sapote ” (A. Dec.), and its edible fruit known from early times ; — observed by
Sloane ii. 125 on Jamaica, apparently only under cultivation ; by Jacquin am. 57 on other West India
Islands and at Carthagena, and termed by him “ a sapota major ; ” by Maycock 146, on Barbadoes ;
but by Flumbpldt and Bonpland iii. 240, wild in the forest at the missions on the Oronoco. By
European colonists, was carried Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, where it is called in
Tagalo “ mamei ” (Blanco 238).
Sapota achras of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. The sapo-
dilla, called by French colonists “ sapotier ” or “ sapodiller,” by Spanish “ zapota ” or “ zapotilla ”
(A. Dec.), long known in the West Indies ; —observed by Sloane ii. 172 to all appearance wild on an
island near Campeachy and on Jamaica ; by P. Browne ii. pl. 19, also on Jamaica; by Jacquin am.
59, and Humboldt and Bonpland iii. 239, wild in the forests of Venezuela. By European colonists,
vvas carried to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.); to Hindustan (Roxb., and Wall. 4148), called at Bombay
“ kowut” (Graham) ; to Burmah (Mason); and to Java (Hassk. 463).
Coccoloba uvifera of the shores of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America.
A small tree called seaside-grape, and its fruit known from early times : the “ guiabara” — is
described by Oviedo gen. hist. viii. pl. 13 ; C. uvifera vvas observed by Sloane ii. pl. 220, Catesby ii.
pl. 96, and Jacquin am. pl. 73, in the West Indies, its fruit eatable and commonly sold in market, but
not much esteemed (Lindl.). From transported specimens, described by Lobel ii. 195.
t Arundinaria sp. of Tropical America. These balsas were of course made of the “ caña
de Guayaquil,” a bamboo — afterwards sent by order of the Incas to all the rivers and lakes of Peru
for the purpose of making balsas, the best kind always coming “ from the province of Quitu ” (G. de
la Veg. iii. 16).
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