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3 4 0 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
in Greece “ vromohorton ” or “ eliotröpiön,” by the Turks “ bambal otu ” (Sibth.), in Egypt “ sackran ”
inebriating, its leaves if eaten believed to induce vertigo, in Yemen “ kerir ” or “ a k r ir ” (Forsk.) ; in
wliich we recognize the “ verrucariam ” identified by Pliny with the “ heliotropium ” prescribed by
Apollodorus, — and Apollophanes ; also the “ eliotröpiön mëga” of Dioscorides, with leaves following
the sun, and from the fashion of its whitish or ruddy flowers sometimes called “ skôrpiôurôn ; ” the
“ ikrar” is mentioned by Abul Abbas, and Ebn Baitar : H. Europæum was observed by Forskal p. 38
near Mor in Yemen ; by Grant from “ Lat. 16° ” on the Nile banks near cultivation ; by Forskal, and
Delile, in E g y p t; by him, and Sibthorp, abounding in cidtivated ground from the Peloponnesus
throughout the Greek islands to Marmora. Westward, the “ heliotropium ” is mentioned by Varrò i. 46,
and that following the sun is described by Pliny xxii. 19 as occurring chiefiy in cultivated ground,
lialf a foot high and liaving blue flowers ; the “ solago major ” is mentioned by Apuleius 49, and the
“ verrucaria ” by Isidorus Hispalensis : H. Europæum is termed “ h. majus Dioscoridi ” by Tournefort
inst. 139, “ h. erectum” by Lamarck fl. fr. ; was observed by Lenz in Italy, and is known to occur in
other parts of Southern Europe (Jacq. austr. pl. 207, and Pers.). By European colonists, was
carried to Northeast America, where it continues in “ waste places, Maryland, Virginia etc. in a few
p la ce s” (A. Gray). “ H. villosum,” observed by Tournefort cor. 7 on the island of Melo (Pers.),
and by Fraas in conünental Greece, is regarded by Bory as perhaps not distinct.
“ 317 B. C.” (Diodor., and Clint.), Philippus Aridaeus put to death by Olympias. Who was at
once besieged at Pydna by Cassander, — and after two years, captured and slain.
“ The same y e a r ” (Diod. xviii. 3, xix. 14, and Buns. iv. 7. 2), Porus decoyed into the power of
Eudemus Greek king of Bactria, and put to death ; Sandracottus being present.
Not earlier than the last-named year (D. Laert., and Clint.), commencement of the government
of Demetrius Phalerius over Athens. — He ruled “ te n ” years.
Stachys betonica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain belony (Prior,
and Lindi.), in France “ betoine ” (Nugent), in Germany “ betonie,” in Italy “ betona ” o r “ betonega”
(Lenz), in Greece “ priônëtës ” (Sibth.) ; in whicli we recognize the “ vettonica ” of the Gauls, discovered
in Spain by the Vettones (Plin.) and hardly later than this date, — being identified through
Pliny with the “ këstrôn ” prescribed in i Mul. morb. 111 to 1 19 and 2 Mul. morb. 63 : while in Syn.
Diosc. the “ këstrôn ” called “ psuchotrophon ” from growing in the coldest places is identified with
the “ ôuëttônikën ” of the Romans : “ herba vettonica ” is prescribed by Celsus v. 27 against the bite
of serpents ; and in the days of Pliny xxv. 46 was called in Italy “ serratula;” the “ prionitis”
(a Greek translation of this name) is mentioned by Alexander Trallianus (Billerb.) : S. betonica
was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus, by Forskal near Constantinople ; is known to grow
also in Asiatic Russia; and “ aquæ betonicæ” was found by Alpinus, and “ betonica” syrup “ from
Europe ’’ by Forskal mat. med., employed medicinally in Egypt. Westward, s. betonica is described
by Brunfels f. 89, Tragus f. 180, Valerius Cordus f. 165, and Clusius hist. ii. 38 (Spreng.) ; is termed
“ b. purpurea” by Tournefort inst. 203, “ b. officinalis” by Linnæus ; was observed by Lenz wild in
North Italy; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 726,
Curt. lond. iii. pl. 33, and Pers.). Continues in medicinal use as appears from Lindley, and from
“ the fine rigid h a irs” when powdered inducing sneezing “ is generally made-an ingredient in herb-
snuffs.”
“ 315 B. C .” (Sm. b. d.), coalition of Seleucus, Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus, and war
commenced against Antigonus.
“ In this y e a r ” (Sm. b. d.), at Athens, death of Xenocrates. He was succeeded by Polemon as
head of the Academic school of philosophy.
Sisyinbi'inm polyceratium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece
“ agriopra” (Forsk. ancl Sibth.) or “ skullövröuva ” (Fraas), by the prophets “ ëraklëôus alphita,” in
Egyptian “ ërëthmôu ” (Syn. Diosc.); and the EPYCIMON enumerated as esculent by Polemon
diæt. 14, — mentioned also in 2 Mul. morb. 81, by Dioscorides as growing around towns and dwellings
and having leaves like those of “ ëuzômô agriö,” yellow flowers, and at the summit slender horned
fenugreek-like pods containing small seeds that are used medicinaily, is referred here by writers:
S. polyceratium was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in waste places and around
villages from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and fhe Greek islands. Westward, the “ ërusimon ”
or “ hamaipliön ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ ëriônëm ” of fhe Romans; the “ irio ” is
mentioned by Columella, by Pliny xviii. 10 as cultivated in Italy: S. polyceratium is described by
Anguillara p. 173 (Sp reng.); is termed “ erysimum poiyceration vel corniculatum” by Tournefort
inst. 22S ; is known to occur in Italy and throughout Southern Europe as far as Portugal (Pers.,
B rot, and Lenz), and escaping from gardens has beerf found springing up spontaneously in Britain
(Wats. cyb. i. p. 152 and iii. p. 384, and A. Dec. ; see S. irio).
Avena sativa of Abyssinia. Called in Britain haver or oat, in Anglo-Saxon “ a ta ” meaning
originally food, in Holland “ haver,” in Germany “ hafer ” or “ haber,” in old high German “ haparo ”
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 3 4 1
(Prior), in Bohemian and Russian “ o v e s ” or “ owes,” in Hungary “ z a b ” (Moritz.), in France
“ avoine” or “ a v e in e ” (Nugent), in Italy “ avena coltivata” (Lenz), in Greece “ vrômos”
(Zalikogl. and Fraas), in Egypt “ zammeyr” (CIot-Bey); in which we recognize the BPOMOC
commended for food by Polemon diæt. ii. 12 — (Athen. xi. 56), and Dioscorides ii. 116, mentioned
also by Dieuches, Theophrastus viii, 4. t to 9. 2, Oribasius, Hesychius, by Galen alim. fac. i. 14 as
abundant in Asia Minor, especially in Mysia, and made into bread as well as given to horses :
A. sativa was observed by Chaubard under cultivation in Greece and springing up spontaneously ; by
Fraas, cultivated only as a curiosity ; ten varieties according to CIot-Bey were introduced under
Mohammed Ali into Egypt and cultivated for fodder; was observed by Bové in the Desert around
Sinai (Decaisne ann. sc. nat. ii. 13) ; by Bruce, wild in Abyssinia and sometimes tall enough to
conceal horse and rider, the straw “ thick as the little finger” formed into huts “ like bee-hives,” the
grain “ not valued but the taste is good ” and cakes of the meal were often made by him “ in remembrance
of Scotland” (Grev.). Westward, the cultivated “ a ven a ” is mentioned by Plorace sat. ii.80 ;
by Pliny iv. 27 to xviii. 44 as the only “ pulte ” of the Germans, and with bird-eggs the only food of the
Oonae of the Baltic : A. sativa continues under cultivation from Italy to “ 65° ” in the Scandinavian
peninsula, but remains unknown on the Faroe Islands (A. Dec.). Eastward from Syria, is called
“ sulu” by the Tartars (Moritz.) ; was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan, and called
“ ienbaku,” or usually “ karasmuggi and var. “ n u d a ” by Bunge in waste ground around Pekin.
By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation ; to
Austral America, observed by A. Saint-Hilaire naturalized around Montevideo ; to Juan Fernandez
(Bertero) ; to California, observed by myself naturalized and covering hills for many miles around
San Francisco Bay, but in Oregon under cultivation only ; to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.) ; and to
Hindustan (Royle himal. 419).
“ 314B. C .= ist year of Nan-wang, of the Tcheou ” or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table).
In his reign, walls were built on the Tartar frontier, from the Hoang-ho river to Pe-tchi-li, and from
the border of Chan-si to the Gulf of Liao-toung.
Coronilla securidaca o i the Med\ttrxauea-a countries. Called in Greece “ pikrolouvi ” (Sibth.) ;
and the f lEAEKINOI : EN : CITÍ2 prescribed by (Soranus ?) mul. morb. ii. 63, — or “ pëlëkinôs ” of
ointment-makers identified by Dioscorides with the “ ëthusarôn ’’ .growing among wheat and barley,
its horn-like pods containing bitter seeds shaped like a two-edged axe, is referred here by writers :
C. securidaca was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in cultivated and fallow
ground from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor. Westward, the “ pelecinum ” is described by Pliny
xxvii. 95 as springing up among grain and having pods by threes or fours and curved or hooked in
the manner of horns : C. securidaca is described by Matthioli p. 641 (Spreng.) ; is termed
“ securidaca lutea major ” by Tournefort inst. 399; and is known to occur in Italy, Southern France,
and Spain (Dec. fl. fr., Pers., and Lenz).
Biserrula pelecinus of the Mediterranean countries. Possibly the plant prescribed,— for the
“ pëlëkinôs” of Theophrastus viii. 8. 3 springing up among “ aphakais” (in one ms. “ phakôis” as
read by Pliny xviii. 44) and named from the resemblance to an axe, is referred here by son*e writers :
B. pelecinus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in various parts of the Peloponnesus.
Westward, the “ pelecinon” that destroys “ lentem ” is identified by Pliny with the “ herba securidaca
: ” B. pelecinus is described by Clusius hist. ii. 347 ; is termed “ pelecinus vulgaris ” by Tournefort
inst, 417 ; and is known to grow in various parts of Southern Europe (Pers.).
Cotyledon umbilicus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain navel-wort
(Prior), in Germany “ nabelblatt,” in Greece “ zôumëra ” or “ sampôuni ” (Fraas) or “ samvouni ” or
“ kôtulëtha” (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the KOTYAHAONOC whose leaves are prescribed in
I Mul. morb. n y , — mentioned also by Nicander, Cratevas, and according to Dioscorides its saucerlike
leaves used medicinally: C. umbilicus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent
on walls and rocks from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the “ kôtulë-
thôn” or “ skutaliôn ” or “ kumvalion ” or “ këpôs aphrôihitës ” or “ gës ômphalôs ” is identified in
Syn. Diosc. with the “ ôumvüikôum vënëris ” of the Romans; the “ cotyledon” having a fleshy
concave leaf and growing in maritime and stony places, is mentioned by Pliny xxv. tor ; and the
“ umbilicus veneris,” by Apuleius 43: C. umbilicus is termed “ c. major ” by Tournefort inst, 90 ;
was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; is known to grow also in Spain and Portugal and as far as
Britain (Engl. bot. pl. 325, and Pers.).
Sedum stellatum of the Mediterranean countries. A species of stone-crop called in Greece
“ agria anthrakla” (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the “ anthrahnën agrian ” identified through Syn.
Diosc. with the THAE'MON of 2 Mul. morb. 80,— its leaves according to Nicander ther. 873
employed against bites of venomous animals ; also with the “ triton ëithôs aëizôôu ” of Dioscorides,
pungent and ulcerating, growing on rocks, its leaves broader than those of " anthrahnës ” and hairy ;
S. stellatum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in clefts of rock on the mountains of
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