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CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
their stringed money, have great stakings town against town, and two chosen out of the rest by course
to play the game,” they “ have great meetings o i f o o t - b a l l playing, only in summer, town against
town,” at “ which they have great stakings, but seldom quarrel : ” they “ will sometimes stake and
lose their money, clothes, house, corn, and themselves, if single persons; they then become weary of
their lives, and ready to make away themselves.” The “ mocking between their great ones is a great
kindling of wars amongst them ; yet I have known some of their chiefs say, ‘ What should I hazard
the lives of mv precious subjects, them and theirs, to kindle a fire which no man knows hovv far and
how ion» it will burn, for the barking of a d o g : ’ their wars are far less bloody than the cruel wars of
Europe, and seldom twenty slain in a pitched b a ttle;” and yet, “ all that are slain, are commonly 0 in
with preat valour and courage, for the conqueror ventures into the thickest, and brings away the head
of his enemy.” They have sweating-liouses, “ pesuponck, a hot h o u s e ;” into which, after being
heated with fire on “ a heap of stones in the middle,” the men “ ten, twelve, twenty, more or less,
enter at once stark naked ; ” and “ which doubtless is a great means of preserving them, and reraver-
in» them from d is e a s e s :” in sickness, “ their only drink in ail their extremities is a little boiled
water.” At “ the first being sick, all the women and maids black their faces ; ” and “ upon the d p th
of the sick, the father, or husband, and all his neighbours, the men also, as the English, wear black
mourning clothes, wear b la ck ” faces ; “ sequuttoi, he is in black, that is, he hath some dead in his
house : ” as “ they abound in lamentations for the dead, so they abound in consolation to the liymg,
usin» different expressions, “ because they abhor to mention the dead by name ; and therefore it any
mantoear the name of the dead, he changeth his name ; and if any stranger accidentally name him
he is checked ; and if any wilfully name him he is fined ; and among states, the naming of their dead
sachims is one ground of their wars ” (see Metacom) : “ mockuttasuit, one of chief yte em, vvlio
winds up in mats and coats, and buries the dead; commonly some wise, grave, and well descended
man hath that office.” , ■ 1 j 1
“ 1644, March 14th ” (Hazard col. i. 538, and Holmes), by Roger Williams now in England, a charter
obtained for Rhode Island; incorporating the towns of Providence, Newport, and Portsmouth, and
conferrin» the power of governing themselves, but agreeably to the laws of England. The king taking
the ptot of the banished colony, and declaring, “ That he would experiment, whether civil government
could consist with such libertie of conscience ” (R. Williams in lett., hist. coll. 1. p. 281).
“ The same y e a r ” (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. 419), the rebel chieftain Li-tseu-tching, after
his capture of Pekin and the death of the Chinese emperor, defeated by the Mantchous under
Tsoung-te. Who thus became head of the new dynasty of the Tai-thsing. Dying almost immediately
afterwards, Tsoung-te was succeeded as emperor by his son Chun-tchi; a child under the guardianship
of an uncle, A-ma-van. • r .1
“ A t this t in / ” (chin, hist., and Klapr. mem. i. 9), the Russians furtively in possession ot the
country on the Amoor, and had built there a palisaded town.
“ 164s A. D.” (Spreng.), the London Society, an academy of arts and sciences, founded by Theodore
Hake. (The founding of this society is placed by Blair in “ 1662, July 15th.” )
“ In this year ” (Jap. mann. 386), a Japanese vessel* driven to tlie coast of Maiidsliuria, at Olan-
kai north of Corea. A piece of unprepared ¿-/«j-rag being offered them, some of the party, wishing to
see “ the region where the ginseng grows,” landed under the direction of three Mandshu guides, but
were ambushed, most of them slain, and “ thirteen ” survivors carried to Pekin. These were OTter-
wards told that ginseng “ is found only in two parts of the mountains between China and Corea, and
that “ gatherers must begin by hunting the tigers.”
“ 1646 A. D .” (Hutchinson i. 161, and Holmes), in Massachusetts, the first legislative act to
encourage carrying the gospel to the natives. A mission was commenced “ Oct. 28th ” by John Eliot,
at Nonantum on the South side of Charles river.
“ The same y e a r ” (Anderson ii. 404, and Holmes), by the English parliament, merchandise ior
the colonies in America exempted from duty for three ye ars ; on condition, that the colonial exports
should be sent to foreign countries only in English ships. The beginning ot the British Navigation
“ About October” (Flacourt ii. 8), in Madagascar, seventy-three Negroes employed abret or
visiting Fort Dauphin kidnapped by Pronis, put on board vessels, and sold most of them to the Dutc 1
governor of Mauritius.* — From this time, the Negroes would no longer approach the French settlement
while there was a vessel in the harbour.
* J u s t i c i a ( A n d r o g r a p h i s ) p a n i c u l a t a of the West Indies. Growing on Cuba, St. V in c e n t , and
Jamaica, in mountainous situations (Nees, and A. De c.). Carried from Mauritius to Southern m
■dustan — and called in Sanscrit “ kairata,” in Tamul and Canarese “ kiriat,” in colonial irencli
create,” in Cingalese “ attadie” (Ainsw. mat. ind.), in Telinga “ nella-vemgoo,” in Bengalee “ kala-
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 957
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), Henr. Hunting publishing his Hort. groning, cat., and in his Phyt.
mentions P r i n o s v e r t i c i l l a t u s pl. 51 (Linn. sp.). — He died “ in 1658.”
“ 1647 A. D .” (Gookin, and Holmes), aid against the Mohawks* solicited by the French of
Canada, and declined by the government of Massachusetts. A legislative act was passed, against
Jesuits.
“ Towards 1648 ” (art de verif.), Fide-tada succeeded by his son lemitz or Ijetiruko, now emperor
of Japan.
“ 1648 A. D .” (univ. hist., and Plolmes), proposal from the New England colonists to the governor
and council of Canada, That there should be perpetual peace between the colonies, even though
their mother countries were at war. The proposal was accepted, on condition of assistance against
the Iroquois; and the negotiation fell 11^ 011^ - “ June” (Josselyn, and Hutch.), the first execution
in New England for the supposed crime of witchcraft; Margaret Jones of Charlestown being the
victim.
“ The same y e a r ” (Marcel), Ibrahim succeeded by Mohammed IV., twentieth Turkish sultan.
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), Jacob Bobart publishing his Indie, hort. Oxon., — and “ in 1658” an
improved edition published.
Dec. to ” (Flac. ii. 21), Stephan de Flacourt arriving at Fort Dauphin on Madagascar, superseding
Pronis as French governor, and meeting with C a 7 p h a l e a c o r y m b o s a p. 137, E n d r a c h y z i n i
M a d a g a s c a r e n s e 137, L i s i a n t h u s t r i n e r v i s 135. n. 87, C o m b r e t u m p u r p u r e u m 130. n. 42, D e i d a m i a
a l a t a 133. n. 70, S c h i s o l a e n a r o s e a 130. n. 44, E u p h o r b i a l o p h o g o n a 138. n. 106, and L im o n i a M a d a g
a s c a r e n s i s 131 : — his Hist. Mad. was published at Paris “ in 1661 ” (Spreng.).
“ 1649 A. D.” (Flac. ii. 21), the ship sent by Flacourt to Mascareigne Island and its name changed
to Bourbon. The island was found fertile, covered with beautiful woods of various kinds of trees
including palms, no undergrowth of bushes vines or thorny plants to impede walking, and la n d - t o r -
t o i s e s of great size “ extrêmement grosses ” abounding ; there were no crocodiles, nor venomous serpents,
nor rats, nor mice, nor fleas, nor flies, nor mosquitos, nor ants ; s v o in e were very numerous,
also g o a l s “ cab rits” on the hills (both of course introduced by previous visitors): Flacourt now
caused to be landed “ four c o w s and a bull,” — which in 1654 had increased to “ more than thirty.”
“ Jan. 30th” (Blair, Holmes, and Nicol. p. 340), in England, king Charles beheaded: and succeeded
by a form of government termed the “ Commonwealth;” all power falling into the hands of
the people. The oaths of allegiance and supremacy were abolished ; the Flouse of lords suppressed ;
and Oliver Cromwell declared captain general of the troops of the state.
‘- At this time ” (Robertson iii. 409, and Holmes), the Spanish settlements in America containing
one patriarch, si.x archbishops, thirty-two bishops, three hundred and forty-six prebends, two abbots,
five royal chaplains, and eight hundred and forty convents.” — New England in the following yea/
contained “ about forty churches ” and “ seven thousand seven hundred and fifty communicants
(Stiles, and Holmes).
“ A u g u s t” (H. C. Murphy introd. to transl. 5), the “ Vertoogh van Nieu Nederland,” a remonstrance
against director Stuyvesant and the mere trading policy of the government of New Netli-
erland, carried to Holland by a deputation consisting of Adrian Vanderdonck and two colleagues.
Among the productions of the new country, “ post-oak” and ‘ -white rough b a rk ” ( Q u e r c u s o b t u s i -
/«¿«), “ grey b a rk ” ( Q . p r i n u s ? ) , “ black h a r k " ( Q . t in c t o r i a ) , and “ butter oak the poorest of all
and not very valuable” ( Q . r u b r a ) , -‘ oil-nuts large and small” ( J u g l a n s n i g r a and J . c i n e r e a ) ,
megh” or “ kalup-nath” or “ muha-tita ” (Lindi.); observed by Rheede ix .p l. 56 in Malabar; by
Graham, an “ herbaceous plant common in gardens,” called “ kreat ” or “ kuriatoo ” or “ kulpa” or
“ kala metee” or “ a x a H a , " k i n g o f b i t t e r s , “ and much used in medecine by the natives ; ” observed
also in Hindustan by Burmann ind. 9, Roxburgh, and Wallich ; and according to Lindley. “ has been
much celebrated as a stomachic, and used as a remedy for cholera and dysentery, and in intermittent
fevers,” and “ is the basis of a French mixture called ‘ drogue amère.’ ” Eastward, mentioned by
Mason v. p. 494 as “ often confounded with Agathotes chirayta,” but not seen by him in Burmah:
according however to Lindley, occurring in “ dry places in the East Indies, beneath the shade of trees ;
China.”
* L o b e l i a s i p h i l i t i c a of Northeast America. “ Nearly two hundred years ago ” (Pursh) “ introduced
into Europe ” on account of its supposed “ medicinal virtues ; ” — is described by Dodart 104,
and Morison 5. 5. f. 55 ; but its reputation according to Lindley has not been confirmed by “ European
practice.” Westward, L. siphilitica was observed by Eaton as far as 44° on Lake Champlain ;
by McEuen, on the Genessee river ; was received by Muhlenberg from Kentucky, by Elliot from
the Alleghanies of Carolina and Georgia; was observed by myself frequent in the environs of Philadelphia,
but seems unknown in Eastern New England.
foil