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seems taken from Dioscorides : S. sulcata is termed “ scorpioides bupleuri folio ” by Tournefort inst
402 ; was observed by Desfontaines ii. pl. i in Barbary (Pers.), and by Forskal near Marseilles.
Scorpiurus subvillosa oi the Mediterranean countries. Possibly included with the precedino bv
ancient w n t e r s : -w a s observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus; and by Forskal, around Cairo
m Egypt. Westward, is described by Morison ii. pl. „ ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles,
anct IS known to occur as an exotic weed as far even as Britain (Wats., and A. Dec.).
Scmpjurus vermkuba/a of the Mediterranean countries. Possibly included with the precedin»
by anciem wmers : _ was observed by Sibthorp in the cultivated ground of Attica. Westward, i l
described b0 olumna ecphr. 1. p. 156 (Spreng.), Morison, and Rivinus ; is termed “ scorpioides siliqua
crassa by I oui nefort mst. 402, and is known to occur in various parts o f Southern Europe (Pers.).
Valenona tuberosa of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ valériane ” or
m u n s t i k e c i r b y t h e W a l l a c h i a n s “ a g r i o s s a m p o u k o s ” ( F r a a s ) : t h e N A P A O Y : 0 Y A A K I T I A O C
of Nmander foex. 4 0 3 — identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the “ neris” or “ ôrëinë narthos,” growing
according to Dioscorfoes m Cilicia and Syria and having two or more odorous roots smaller and more
slender tlian those of asphodel, is referred here by writers : V. tuberosa was observed by Sibthorp
and Fraas, frequent on mountains from Cilicia to Cyprus, Crete, and the Peloponnesus. Westward
the nardum “ syriacum is enumerated by Pliny xii. 26 among the kinds known in Italy (apparentll
from the miported root) : V. tuberosa is described by Camerarius epit. 16; is termed “V. alpina
minor by Tonrnefort mst. 132, and is known to grow in Dalmatia, Sicily, and Southeastern France
(uerarcl 218, and Pers.).
Ptychotis verticiUata of the Mediterranean countries. The OPAe iAON of Nicander ther.
841 according to the scholiast an edible seed, maybe compared: the “ tôrthuliôn ” is described
0 Dioscondes as ^-owing on mount Amanus in Cilicia, a little herb having a roundish shield like
double seed subacrid and aromatic, and is identified in the added Synonyms with the “ tôrthulôn ” or
sësëh kretikon: P verticillata was observed by Link, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Parnassus
Westwarf, the “ seselis cretici ” is prescribed by Julius Bassus against colic (Scribon. Larg.
I/I); 0 “ tordylion” or “ tordylon” is mentioned by Pliny xx. 87 to xxiv. 117 as the seed I f
sese 1 or silis, or according to others an herb called “ syreon : ” P. verticillata is termed
p 1rtuJar(Stei!d'^U^ Des.ontaines (Bory) ; was observed by Tenore in Italy, and by Brotero in
GeropogongMber of the Mediterranean countries. A Hieracioid annual called in Greece “ kôur-
phëstos (Sibth.) ; and the fC P A 0 C : n uJ ruJ N of Nicander, - called in Etruria “ saxifica” bv
he Romans petrae barba ” is referred here by Ruel ii. 138, and others : G. glaber is described also
b +m næ u s . and Jacquin hort. pl. 33 ; is known to grow about Nice and in Italy (Pers.) ; and was
observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus.
u ‘ ft® Fast Mediterranean countries and Uralian plains. Called on the Vofoa
popafka (Pall.) ; coronary kinds of “ anthëmis ” are mentioned by Nicander fr. ii 37 ■ A tincto
n a w a s o b s e r v e d b y S i b t h o r p , a n d C h a u b a r d , f r e q u e n t i n d r y s a n d y s i t u a t i o n s i n G r e e é e ; b y P a l l a s
t r a v . 1. 95, u s e d m d y e i n g o n t h e V o l g a . W e s t w a r d , t h e “ s t e p h a n o m e l i s ” o f P l i n v x x v i 84. i s
r e f e r r e d h e r e b y F r a a s ; A . t i n c t o r i a i s d e s c r i b e d b y T r a g u s 5 8 , a n d B a r r e l i e r p l . 4 6 5 ; i s i e r m e d
b u p h t h a l m u m t a n a c e t . m i n o r i s f o l i i s ” b y T o u r n e f o r t i n s t . 4 9 S 1 a n d i s k n o w n t o o c c u r a s f a r N o r t h
as Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 741, Pers,, and Wats.), but is regarded by A. Decandolle as not indigenous
in Western Europe. ®
Echium Italicum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece “ manôuni ■ ”
the AYRAi -ON : OPMeNOCNTA of Nicander ther. 840, — or “ lukopsis” called by some “ aghôu-
san growing according to Dioscondes in the open country, the leaves lettuce-like but longer and
rough, the stem upright and tall with rough branches a cubit in length bearing small purplish flowers
is referred here by writers. E. Italicum was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas’
m open situations as descnbed by Dioscorides, and frequent from the vicinity of Constantinople té
the Peloponnesus. Westward, the account of the “ lycapsos ” by Pliny xxvii. 73 seems chiefly taken
from Dioscondes; E. Italicum is described by the Bauhins, and Parkinson p. 519; is termed “ e
m a / s et aspenus flore albo ” by Tournefort inst. 135, “ e. altissimum ” by Jacquin austr. ap. pi. 16 ;
and IS known to grow on dry hills in Pannonia, Italy, France (Pers.), and as far as the isle of Jeré
sey, the flowers_ dilute v.o acei ” according to Sprengel. E . pyramidatnm described as distinct, is
known to grow m Spam Ajgena, Southern France, and Eastward as far as Asia Minor and the coin-
try South of Caucasus (Desf. i. p. 164, Lam. fl. fr., Pers., Steud., and A D e c )
Lithosffirmnm purpureo-coeruleum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in
Greece skuloglôsson, m which we recognize the K Y N 0 TA OUC C 0 C of Nicander georg. . . — stem-
I / s according to Dioscorides and prostrate on the ground in sandy places, the leaves like’ those of
th0 oaddeaved plantain but smaller and downy : L, purpureo coeruleum was observed by Sibthorp,
and Chaubard, by no means rare in the shade of thickets in Greece. Farther South, the “ kunôglôs-
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 4 0 5
sos ” was known to Athenaeus ix. . . in Egypt. Westward, is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the
“ phutôn ” or “ kavallatiôn ” or “ splëniôn ” or “ skôlumôs,” and with the “ liggôua kanis ” or “ liggôua
kanina ” of the Romans ; the root of a “ cynoglossos caninas imitans linguas ” producing three thyrsi
of seeds reputed good for tertian intermittents, and one with four thyrs! for quartan, according to
Pliny xxv. 41 : L. purpureo-coeruleum is termed “ 1. minus repens latifolium ” by Tournefort inst.
137, and is known to grow in Austria and France (Jacq. austr. pl, 14, Lam. fl. fr., and Steud. ; see
Cynoglossum officinale).
Onosma stellulata of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ mëlihôrtôn” (Sibth )
in which we recognize the M 6 AIZUJP0 I0 of Nicander alex. 351, — Eutecnims, and the scholiast^
also the “ nectaream ” herb or “ helenion ” or “ orestlon ” or “ idaeam ” or “ medicam ” identified by
Plmy xiy. 19 with the “ symphyton” and further mentioned as mixed in wine: the “ sumphuton
pëtraiôn” taken in wine according to Dioscorides, is described by him as sweet to the taste and fragrant,
having a long ruddy root, “ Ôriganô ’’-like branches, “ thumôu ’’-like capitula, slender leaves,
and agglutinating recent wounds and even meat cooked with it : O. stellulata is described by
Columna ecphr. pl. 183; is termed “ symphytum echii folio angustiore radice rubra flore lu te o ” by
Tournefort inst. 138 ; was observed by Sibthorp in Crete and the Peloponnesus ; and by Pallas, and
Bieberstein, along the Taurian mountains (Pers., and Steud.).
Anchusa tinctoria of the Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens alkanet, in France
“ orcanette” (Prior), in Greece “ vaphôrriza” (Fraa s); and the ArXOYCHC : 0 PIAAKHIAOC
enumerated as medicinal by Nicander ther. 838, — growing according to Dioscorides in fertile soil,
its root reddish and staining the skin, leaves resembling those of “ thrithaki ôxuphullô” rough and
prickly, and m the added Synonyms identified with the “ kataghôusan ” or “ arhivëlliôn ” or “ ônôphul-
I Ô S ” or “ ônôklëian,” is referred here by writers : the “ ônôklëias ” is mentioned also by Galen fac.
simpl. V. p. 311 : A. tinctoria was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the
Peloponnesus to Cyprus. Westward, the “ aghôusa ” or “ kataghôusa ” or “ livukën ” is identified in
Syn. Diosc. with the “ vôuinësath ” of the Numidians ; and “ anchusa” root is mentioned by Pliny
xxii, 23 as used for dyeing wool : A. tinctoria is termed “ buglossum radice rubra sive anchusa vulga-
tior floribus cæruleis ” by Tournefort inst. 134 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; is known to grow in
Barbary and Southern France (Pers.), and yields the alkanet dye of commerce (see Lithospermum
tinctorium).
Celsia arcturus oi Hindustan. Verbascum-like, called in Bengalee “ kukshima ” (Drur .); and
the A P K TI 0 N Nicander ther. 840,-— of Dioscorides, identified with the “ arktôurôn ” in Syn. Diosc.,
Plmy xxvil. 16, Galen, and Oribasius xiv. 33, is referred here with hesitation by Honorius Bellus ■’
C. arcturus was observed by him on Crete (Spreng.) ; by Sibthorp, along walls on Crete and Cyprus ;
is descnbed by Pona bald. pl. 44, Columna ecphr. ii. pi. 82, Alpinus exot, pl. 122 ; and is termed
“ blattaria perennis cretica incana ” by Tournefort inst. 14S. Eastward, was observed by Law as far
as Bombay, “ common in the bed of almost every river,” by Lush “ wild about Dapooree ” (Graham).
“ C. Coromandeliana,” from early times employed medicinally in Hindustan, and observed by Roxburgh,
Waring pharm. md., and Drury, “ on the banks of rivers and still waters ” and often “ a common
weed in gardens,” is regarded by Graham as probably not distinct.
Teucrium montanum of the mountains of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The
XAMHAHN : TTITYN of Nicander ther. 841 and alex. 56, — identified by the scholiast with the
“ onogurôs ” or “ sitheritis ” or “ iônia agria,” may be compared ; also the “ ajuga idaeae” of the Antidote
of Antipater as translated by Scribonius Largus 167 : the “ ëtëra hamaipitus ” of Dioscorides,
having Incurved branches a cubit long, white flowers, and the odour of pine, is referred here b^
Sprengel: T . montanum was observed by Sibthorp on mountains from Delphi to Athos and the
Bithynian Olympus. Westward, the account by Pliny xxiv. 20 of the kind with “ cubitalibus ramis”
seems taken from Dioscorides: T. montanum is described by Gesner hort. germ. f. 273, and Matthioli
(Spreng.); is termed “ polium lavandulæ fo lio ” by Tournefort inst. 206; was observed by
Gussone in Sicily, and is known to grow in dry mountainous situations as far as Ratisbon and
+ r i s (Pers,, and A. Dec.), but whether employed medicinally is not stated. “ T. supinum,” termed
“ polium montanum repens” by Tournefort inst. 206, and the flowers white (Pers.), is regarded by
Sibthorp as not distinct. (See Ajuga iva). ®
S ju g a Chia of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ agrió livano ” (Fraas) or
“ hvanohorton ” or “ thôthëkanthë ” (Sibth. emend.); and possibly the XAMA I n l T Y C o f Nicander
alex. 56 : — the “ hamaipitus tritë ” of Dioscorides, a little herb having the odour of pine with slender
hairy leaves and yellow flowers, is referred here by Fraas. and Lenz : the “ hamaipitus ” in the theriac
ot Andromachus corresponds to the “ chamæfitos ” in the Egyptian theriac copied by Alpinus, and
“ chamæpilhys ” was seen by Forskal mat. med. in the drug-shops of Egypt: A. Chia is termed “ c.
chia lutea foho trífido flore magno” by Tournefort cor, 14; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard,
and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor and throughout the Greek islands. Westward,