r il
1 5 4 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
By Melampus also, the worship o f Dionysus or Bacchus (derived according to Herodotus ii. 49
through the Cadmean Phoenicians in Boeotian Thebes) was e.xtended in Greece. Melampus resided
at first with his uncle king Neleus at P y lo s :— and his descendants, hereditary prophets as far as
Theoclymenus of the fourth generation seen by__ Telemachus, are enumerated by Homer od. xi. 291,
and X V . 225.
1154 B. C. ( = “ 527 A. D. + 1680” = 1804 A . D. + “ 2957 years ” of Bentley as. res. viii.
p. 233), the Hindu astronomer Parasara, whose rule for the adjustment of the calendar — is quoted in
the Vedas,
“ The same year = is t year of Tcheou or Cheou-sin, of the Chang ” or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese
chron. table).
Olen of Lycia the earliest composer of “ umnoi” or hymns among the Greeks — (Herodot.
iv. 35, and Pausan. ix. 27. 2): “ hymns to the g o d s ” were recited or sung during the Trojan war
(Homer il.).
The names of a party of Hyperborei visiting Delos recorded by Olen of Lycia : — Hyperborei
are also mentioned by Boeo of Delphi, Hesiod epigon. ; and their home is placed by Aeschylus
irrometh., and Pindar, at the sources of the Ister or Danube.
The arts of agriculture and weaving cloth known to the Hyperboreans as early probably as this
date (see Meneptha Sethos, and amber) : — the presents they continued sending to Delos came
wrapped in straw of “ purös ” (Herodot, and Paus. i. 31. 2) :
And in direct accordance, the two kinds of grain most anciently cultivated in Switzerland are
shown by the debris of lake-villages to be Triticuni vulgare var. antiquorum (Heer, see also Chin-
noung), and Hordeum vulgäre var. hexaslichum sanctum, six-rowed barley.
Linum angustifolinm of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece “ agrioli-
nari ” (Sibth.) : and shown by the debris of lake-villages to be the kind of f a x cultivated in Switzerland
for weaving cloth during the Stone period — (Heer) ; L. angustifolium is termed “ 1. sylvestre
angustifolinm floribus dilute purpurascentibus vel carneis ” by Tournefort inst. 340; was observed
in Barbary by Desfontaines; and is known to grow in Britain, especially in the vicinity of the sea
(Huds., Engl. bot. pl. 381, and Pers.). Eastward, the “ amörgithös ” is mentioned by Aristophanes
lysistr. 735; “ amorginos hitön,” by Antiphanes, and Pollux; the “ amorgis” is identified by Orion
etym. with the “ linôkalamën ; ” and according to other authority, is the most slender kind of flax
and an herb with a purple flower (see also Scarlatus) : L. angustifolium was observed by Sibthorp
and Chaubard, in Crete and the Peloponnesus.
The domestic animals of Switzerland during the Stone Age, are enumerated as : the bullock. Bos
taurus, a small race with the horns short and incurved forward; the goat, Capra hircus, numerous;
the siieep, Ovis aries, in rare instances ; swine, Sus scrofa domesticated ; and the dog, Canis famili-
aris (Troyon p. 273 and 442).
In Denmark, judging from the culinary relics, the dog appears to have been the only domestic
animal during the Stone Age (Troyon), but additional wild animals occur in debris of the earliest
dwellings and villages, as the following used for food: the seal, Phoca ; lynx^YeWs lyn x; the “ rat
de te rre ” . : . . : of birds, the w ild swan, Cygnus . . . . ; eider duck. Anas moliissima ; “ petite oie
sauvage,” Anser . . . . ; great ank, “ Alca impennis ; ” “ coq de bruyère,” Tetrao . . . . : of fishes, the
herring, Clupea . . . . , and eel, Anguilla . . . : of Crustacea, the crab, Cancer . . . : and of mollusks,
the oys'ter, Ostrea . . . ; scollop, Pecten. . . . ; and land-snails, Helices (Steenstrup, and Troyon 97).
“ 1150 B. C .” (Pauth. note to Chi-King iii, i. i), Wen-Wang, founder of the Tcheou dyna.sty.
In this year { = 1071 + “ 80th year ” of Philistus, Dionys. i. . . ), the Sikels, driven out of Italy
by the “ Aborigines ” and associated Pelasgian Greek.s, proceeding to the neighbouring large island
occupied by Sikani ; an Iberian tribe recently driven there by the Ligurians. The Sikels formed
settlements; and hence the name “ Sikëlia ” or Sicily. — The island of Sikelia is mentioned by
Homer od.
The above event is further referred to the “ twenty-sixth year of the priestess Alcyone ; in the
■ third generation before the fall of T r o y ” (Hellan.) : the first part of this extract being from the Register
kept at Argos by the priestesses of Juno. The language of this Register was in all probability
Greek, and the wriling alphabetic.
Lycus after governing Boeotian Thebes “ twenty y e a r s ” (including the short reign of Labdacus)
slain and succeeded by Zethus and Amphion, sons of Antiopa. Instead of continuing Ihe regency,
they expelled Laius, and proceeded to build a wall around the city (Homer od. X 262, Apollod. iii.
5. 2, and Pausan. ix. 5).
The improvement of combining poeiry with instrumental music attributed to Amphion (Hera-
clides in Plut. mus. p. 1132). The poet-musician Linus at this time living, — whose tomb at Boeotian
Thebes continued to be pointed out for many centuries (Pamph., Hes., Heraclid., and Pausan.
ix. 29. 3).
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O F A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 1 5 5
Pctroselinum sativum o f the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain parsley, by Treveris
“ percely ” (Prior), in Germany “ petersilie,” in Italy “ petroselino ” or “ prezzemolo ” or “ apio ortense ”
(Lenz), in Greece “ makéthdnesi ” or “ maithano” or “ murótliia pétrósélina ” (Fraas) or “ murothia”
(Sibth.), in Egypt “ baqdunis ” (Forsk.) or “ maqedounis ” (Del.); in which we recognize the “ apium
amarum ” with which the poet Linus adorned his head — (Virg. eel. vi. 98): the “ apium ” with which
Nemean victors were crowned (Plin.) is identified by Cato with the “ sélinón kepaion ” of Pindar, and
Aristophanes, mentioned also by Dioscorides iii. 67; and the “ sélinó óulo” is mentioned in 2 Morb.
mul. 63 : P. sativum was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos and other craggy declivities in Greece,
but by Chaubard, and Fraas, nowhere indigenous in the Peloponnesus. Farther South, the “ moka-
dunas” is mentioned by Ebn Baitar; P. sativum was observed by Forskal, and Delile, under cultivation
in Egypt, the roots besides and “ aqua petroselin.” employed medicinally. Westward, the
cultivation of the “ apium” is mentioned by Columella, and Palladius, and directions for rendering
the plant “ Crispins” are given by Pliny xix. 46: P. sativum is described by Dodoens pi. 694; is
termed “ a. hortense seu petroselinura v u lg o ” by Tournefort inst. 305; is known to grow wild on
Sardinia (Pers., Moris i. p. 21, and Spreng.), and is besides cultivated and naturalized in Italy and
throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Wats., and A. Dec.). Eastward from Egypt, is called
in Hindustanee “ pitirseli” or “ ajmod” or “ karafs bostani,” in Bengalee “ randhani sh a k ” (D’roz.),
and was observed by Graham “ in gardens” around Bombay; by Mason, “ e xo tic ” in Burmah ; by
Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan and called “ kin,” or usually “ seri.” By European
colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation. The leaves
according to Lindley “ are diuretic, and are at once recognized by their agreeable smell.”
As early perhaps as this date, the accession of Ramessu X. Amuuikhopsef, eighth
king of the Twentieth dynasty. His name occurs on a tablet — nowin tlie British
museum, and in his own tomb at Babtol-meluk (Glid. analect.).
1 149 B. C. = “ 2d year of Ramessu X.,” the latest date in his reign found on the
monuments— (Leps. k. tab. p. 19).
“ 1 144 B. C.” ( = I ith year of Cheou-sin, Pauth. note to Chi-JCing iii. i. 3), Wen-Wang imprisoned
by the emperor Cheou-sin — for three years.
During liis imprisonment Wen-Wang explained the y-king or eight Koua symbols, and doubled
the number of symbols. — His explanations were continued by his son Tcheou-kong (Visdelou, and
Pauth. panth. lit.).
1 141 B. C. ( = 1 122 -)- “ 19 years ” of Euseb. i. and ii.), accession of Sosarmus as Assyrian emperor.
The assigned length of this reign probably incorrect, falling short of the “ twenty years ” limit given
by Cephalion ; and in fact, the reign of Sosarmus is extended to “ twenty-two ” years by Syncellus.
Ihe same year ( = 1 0 9 6 “ 45 years ” of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129, see also Homer il. xiv. 379,
Pherecyd., Pausan., and Clint, i. p. 81), not later than this date, death of Acrisius by the hand of his
grandson Perseus. Perseus removed the Argive seat of government to Mycenae; and (according to
Apollodorus ii. 4. 4, and Strabo viii.) built walls there. These cyclopian walls include a gateway
with two sculptured lions ; an early specimen of Greek art — (see Sm. geogr. diet, and Broteas).
Boletus edulis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. An edible mushroom called in
Italy “ 0 ezzo” or “ porcino” 'o r “ bolé porcin ” (Lenz), and the “ mukes ” growing on the site and
giving its name to the new city — (Paus. ii. 16. 3) may be compared: “ mukai” are enumerated as
edible by Epicharmus, Ephippus, Antiphanes, are termed “ éustomóus” by Diphilus of Siphnus
although in his day an article of food generally despised; and mushrooms growing near fig-trees are
pronounced salutary by Nicander (Athen. ii. 56): “ su illi” are enumerated by Pliny xxii. 47 as collected
and dried in Italy, like those imported from Bithynia: B. edulis was observed by Sibthorp
in woods in the Peloponnesus; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far
as Britain (Schrnff pl. 134, Bulliard h. fr. i pl. 60, 494, and Sibth. oxon. 375).
“ In the days of Shamgar the son of Anath, in the days of Ja e l” wife of Heber the Kenite (Song
of Deborah, and Judg. iii. 31 and iv. 4), the country inhabited by the Twelve tribes disturbed and
unsafe.
1139 R- C. (= 1 131 y. 302JI d. + “ 7 years ” of Judg. vi. i), the army of Jabin king of Canaan at
Hazor, defeated by the Israelites under Deborah and Barak.
011 the Song of Deborah, “ sh ip s " mentioned, also embroidery or the Sidonian “ needlework.”
The accession of Ramessu X L Siptah, ninth king of the Twentieth dynasty, hardly
later than this year. His name has been found “ only on a large tablet at S ils ilis ” _
(Glid. analect.).
“ 1137 B. C. = : i8th year of Cheou-sin” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the
Twenty-sixth cycle. The emperor urged to change his course by his minister Pi-kan,
who was in consequence put to death: the first instance in Chinese history of this self-sacrifice
(Pauth. p. 70).
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