the origin of the later form I of the Greek letter iota, the Roman letter I, and as a numeral continues
in use among nations generally to the present day,
(seeking protection, Horap. ¡1.48); “ aëiô” wooden peg; “ h a iv s ” or “ liaivës” or “ thaivës”
shadow, protection.— The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic
writing (Leps. d. ii. pl. 3, and k. pl. 7 to 67).
phantom of the imagination, griffin; “ tarah” to indulge in, be disturbed by vain imaginings.—
The character occurs as early as the . . . . dynasty (Champ, gramy 497).
The same figure occurs at Benihassan under the Twelfth dynasty, but whether in the
hieroglyphic text I do not now remember. The “ g ryp s ” or “ gryphus” as described by Virgil,
and pfiny, entirely corresponds: the imaginary monster “ himaira” chimera, is mentioned by
Homer il. 179 to i8 i.
(voice of the air or thunder signifying voice from afar called “ ôuaië,” Horap. i. 29) ; “ hroou”
voice ; “ hrou-vai ” or “ hrou-vvai ” thunder ; “ mainë ” or “ maëin ” or “ maëinë ” a sign ; “ haio ”
yea. — The character occurs as early as the Tenth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pl. 149). A second form
occurs also under the Tenth dynasty at Hamamat (Leps. d. ii. pl. 149). The form N of the
Phcenician letter yod, and tlie original form / of the Greek letter iota, seem also taken from the
zigzag line of lightning. Compare Homer’s ^ sign fram Jupiter.
f y consonantal, its pervading meaning you. “ io ” or “ touio ” to be weaned ; “ iorh ” pupil'of the eye ; “ ianos ” iris ; “ ëiërh ” or “ ëiôrah ”
aspect. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, l.xxix. 164, 13 (Buns, and Bircli).
“ iëhrai ” peers, nobles ; “ iônam ” right hand ; “ aôuô ” or “ ëôuô ” a pledge, “ aouo ” to
pledge; “ aduot ” o r “ ë iôh ë ” or “ iôlië ” hall, abode; “ iolii ” or “ iô lië ” field, vineyard,
flocks; “ ëiomë” mud (see bank swallow, and Horap. ii. 29) ; — in Hebrew “ ymyn ” right hand,
pledge. The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic wTiting (Leps. d. ii.
pl. 3 and k. pl. 5 to 67).
The geographical names of many places around Egypt inhabited by the White race, appear to
have been framed in reference to the inherent meaning of consonantal y : as, “ iantôôu ” hill country,
— “ iantôôu” (or “ iantôôu,” Mingar. p. 73, or “ ianhoot ” or “ ëiahôôut,” ms. Par.) or “ ëiantôôu,”
onager or wild mule (of Palestine). In facing the North, Yemen is on the right hand : and we find
transmitted in Hebrew and Greek, “ Yrthn,” 'in Greek “ lôrthanës ; Yphw,” in Greek “ loppa ; Ybnë,”
in Greek “ larania; Y b k ” of Numb. xxi. 24; “ Yrhw,” in Greek “ lërihô; Y w b b ” of Gen. x. 29,111
Greek “ lô va v; Yizr,” in Greek “ lazer ; Ybws ” and “ Yrwshlym,” in Greek “ lërônsaiëm ; Yëwth,”
in Greek “ louthaia; Ywn,” in Greek “ lô n ia ” ; and of names of nations or families, “ Yphd,” in -
Greek “ lapëtôs ; Yikb,” in Greek “ Iakôv ; ” and “ Yshral,” in Greek “ Israël.”
5170 (crocodile’s eyes emerging from the deep, signifying sunrise, the East, Horap. i. 65) ;
esJ rx Aa. “ ië v t ” or “ ë iv t ” or “ ë ië ft’’ or “ ë ië ft” or “ p ë ië v t” the East, sunrise; “ ië v ” or “ ië p ”
or “ iô p ë ” or “ ëiôpë ” or “ iôppë ” manufactures, a rts ; “ iop ” artisan ; “ ëiôpë ” to spin. — The
character occurs under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pl. 7)- A second form occurs from
the Fourth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pl. 17, and k. pl. 5 to 63).
(dew falling from heaven, signifying instruction ; for it falls on all, but profits only the sus-
n!> ceptible, Horap. i. 35) ; “ iôtë ” or “ iôtë ” or “ iôd ” or “ ëiôtë ” dew ; “ iatë ” or “ lad ” or “ iod ”
or “ iôt ” or “ ëiôt ” father, forefathers ; “ ëiat ” or “ ëiaat ” or “ iat ” or “ niat ” attention, to observe,
mark, consider, perceive. — The character occurs under the Nineteenth? dynasty (Rosellin. m.
real. 108).
“ iô t ” or “ iô t ” âar/ey; “ iës ” or “ iô s ” qu ick; “ iëthë ” profiting, to progress, advan
ce .— The character occurs as early as the . . . . dynasty (Rosellin. m. civ. 23).
Hordetim vulgare of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain barley, in Anglo-Saxon
“ barlych” or “ bærlic ” or “ bær-cræs ” or “ here ” (Prior), in Germany “ gerste ” (Grieb), in I* ranee
“ o r g e ” (Nugent), in Italy “ o r zo” (Lenz), in Greece “ krithari” (Fraas), in Egypt and Yemen
“ sh a y r ” (Forsk,), and cultivated at the time of the invention of writing : — standing crops, distinguished
by the inferior height and stouter beardless spikes, are figured under the Fifth (Leps, d. ii.
pl. 47, and Champ, 417), Seventh, and Seventeenth dynasties: the “ shoirë ” is mentioned in Leviticus
xxvii. 16, Ruth ii. 17, Joel i. 11, and Job xxxi. 40; PI. vulgare was observed under cultivation in
Egypt by Forskol, Delile, and Clot-Bey; and by Forskal, and myself, in Yemen. Northward, tlie
“ krithë” or “ k r i ” is mentioned by Plomer, Aeschylus ag. 1625, Herodotus, Thucydides, Theophrastus,
and others ; the “ hordeum,” by Virgil, Columella, and Pliny ; H. vulgare was cultivated in Switzerland
during the Stone Age, relics occurring in debris of tlie earliest villages (Heer, and Troyon) ;
was observed by Forskal, Chaubard, and Fraa.s, under cultivation in Greece ; is known to be cultivated
throughout Europe to “ Lat. 70°” in Lapland, farther North than any other kind of grain (A.
Dec.), succeeding equally within the Tropics, as witnessed by myself under the burning climate at
Mocha: is derived by Berosus from Babylonia ; by Moses of Chorene, from the Kur iluwiiig into the
CasDian • was observed by Olivier, Chesney, Koch, and Kotschy, in Mesopotamia, Persia and along
the Caspian. Eastward from Persia, was found by Alexander under cultivation J ' " ^ j , .
1 .) ; is mentioned in the Sama Veda (transl. Stevenson) and Institutes of Menu f - n j D e «
has a Sanscrit name (Pidd., and Royle ill. him. p. 418), is called in Bengalee jab, n Hindustanee
“ iau ” (D ’roz), in the environs ot Bombay “ jow satoor,” but sometimes “ sheer (Graliam) >ndicatmg
introduction by the Arabs. Farther East, is enumerated by Mason as “ exotic in Burmah - ^
served by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan and called o muggi. By European
colonists was carried to America, where in onr Northern States it continues extensively cultivated.
■‘ èun i” millstone, mill. — The character occurs as early as the Thirteenth dynasty (Leps. d.
/ „ B ^ " '(aE e a d ed man “ onokSphalon ” signifying untravelled ; because k n o w i n g nothnrg of his-
tory, nor of other countries, Horap. i. 23) ; “ è 6 ” or “ Èiò” or “ .6 ’’ donkey lar not saga-
n cious, noseless ; “ ia i ” to fear. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, also under
tlie . . . . dynasty (pap. Ath. xv. 3, Buns, and Birch).
The donkey, Equus asinus, probably already domesticated at the time of the invention of writ
Its Egyptian name is given as “ è ò ” or “ éèu,” signifying also beast of burden, as though the earliest
beast of burden known to the Egyptians : - apart from the hieroglyphic writing the donkey is fi ured
under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pl. s) ; was observed by myself, kept m
of the Fourth dynasty at Gizeh, caparisoned as a beast of burden under the Fifth m the beautiful
tomb at Sahara; and to the present day in Egypt, the usual mode of journeying is on donkeys l e
current name there of the donkey is however “ hemar ; ” from the Hebrew hmwr. J [ f J ’,
the donkey is mentioned in the history of Abraham (Gen. xxn. 3) 1 and “ m,h XXa
in Gen. xHx. 14, and Ex. xiii. 13. In Greece, the “ onos ” is mentioned by Aristophanes nub. i -73
and pac. 4, and others : while in Italy the transported name “ onus signifies burden, a new name
“ asiiius ’’ being given to the animal, mentioned by Cato, Varrò, and Phny. In regard to the Weste. n
orio-in of Hindu institutions, bramins riding donkeys are mentioned in the nst.tutes of Menu (Braminical
and Deslongchamps versions) ; donkeys continued in Hmdustan to be J
days of Arrian ; but throughout that country, I was unable to discover figuies of the donkey in
cave-temples, and cannot recollect meeting with the living animal. From Europe, the donkey was
carried to America by Columbus (F. Columb. 45 and 53). ^
vuEM rw, (-two hippopotamus hoofs facing downwards, signifying unjust, ungrateful, unfilial, Horap.
\ r ~ A i « ) • “ ié v ” or “ iS v ” or “ è iv ” hoof; “ Èuò” debtor; “ èuma” or “ èusop together;
B I B to be morose ; “ ióou” a swelling, to swell ; “ iorèm” to be am a z e d .-T h e character occurs
as early as the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pl. 2, and k. pl. s). A second form — •'¡J occurs a so
a'nd fire signifying^purity, because all purification is accomplished through tliese elements
Horap i .4 1 ) ; “ èióoué” water, “ móuè” fire, “ iom ” the se a ; “ lamén la l^ pool; èia or
A “ niau ” linen garments ; “ ia ” or “ 16i ” or “ èió ” or “ èié ” or “ éiaa ” or “ èia washing, o wash ;
“ èia-t55t ” to wash hands, abdicate ; - in Hebrew “ ym ” sea. river. The character occurs fiom the
Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. 11. pl. 3, and k. pl. 5 to 65). In th p
cess of washing at Mocha, I remarked the clothes universally twisted m the above form. ,,
A “ é ia l” ointment-vase ; “ è ia ” or “ i a ” or “ iaau ” valley ; “ è ia ” torrent, bed o torrent ; “ è.ooi
O or “ èièro ” or “ ièrò ” or “ iaro ” river ; “ ior ” to pass over ; - in English to pass over Jor-
dXm” The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Third dynasty to the end of
hieroglyphic w riting (Leps. d. ii. pl. 3, and k. jfi. 7 to 66). u x ix ”
\ (ape followed by a smaller ape, signifying, a bated child will inherit, Hoiap^ 11.
j I t h e r L r e , t r u l y , - in English “ yea,” The character occurs under the . . . . dynasty (Champ,
gram. 42, 68, SMvoh^^^^^^ “ éiòrm” or “ iorèm” or “ iòrèm” to fix the eyes, gaze
11 intently ■ “ éièrh ” or “ èiórh ” or “ èiòrh ” to see, contemplate. - The character occurs from the
Third dXiasty to the Twentieth (Leps. d. ii. pl. 3, 98, ib- pl- S3 and 207, and k. pl.). A second
form 9 occurs as early as the . . . . dynasty (Champ, gramra. 77, and diet. 237).
e long or ee, its pervading meaning we. * ■ j „ r, .
(hvo men wearing the insignia of magistrates, signifying of the same mind, Horap 11. 10) ,
meeoui ” or “ mSeouèi ” or “ meòrd ” to think ; or “ meoui ” to be of opinion, way of thinking ;
óuèllè ” or “ óuéllè ” tuning, musical chord ; “ nsè ” or “ sè ” yes. — The character occurs as early
as the . . . . dynasty (Champ, te.xt. 3 7 9 ) ; and as an emblem, is placed over royal ovals and on the
head of gods from the Seventeenth dynasty until the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k, pl. S, 23,
A f tw ! E s signifying unity, Horap. i, . i) ; “ ep ” or “ d ep ” companion, partner; “ t j v é e h ” or
“ tshvèèrè ” or “ tshvSr ” or “ tshphcr ” companion, friend ; “ ep ’ to number ; epé or epi
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