i
: *
te +
\'bà
Jlií " ró/ to a
4 7 4
teenth century, T. pratense may have been carried by European colonists to Iceland, where it was
observed by Hooker : clearly by European colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it
continues to be abundantly cultivated, has become naturalized, ancl is distinguished as red clover.
Medicago falcata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Bntam yellow medic
or horned medic, in Germany “ sichelklee ” (Grieb) or “ schweclischen luzern ” (Lenz) ; and the wiid
medica alluded to by Columella ii. ii — is referred here conjecturally by Fraas ; M. falcata is termed
“ falcata ” by Rivinus pl. 84, “ m. sylvestris ” by Tournefort inst. 410 ; was observed by Forskal near
Marseilles ; is known to occur cultivated and naturalized throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark
(fl. Dan. pl. 233, Pers., Dureau de la Malle, and A. D ec.) ; and at least in Britain is regarded
by Watson as exotic. Eastward, was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the
Peloponnesus to Constantinople.
Bryonia alba of the W est Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy “ ziicca selvatica” or “ vite
bi'.nca ” (Lenz), in which we recognize the V I T I S - A L B A of Colunfella vi. 4. 3 and xii. 7. i, — Palladius
i. 35, and Apuleius 66, identified with the “ bryoniae ” by Scribonius Largus 79; B. alba is
described by Blackwell pl. 533, and is knovvn to be frequent throughout Italy, growing as far even as
middle Europe (Pers., Lindl., and Lenz). Eastward, was observed by Fraas in Greece, rare and
called “ agrioklema.” According to Lindley, the “ properties like those o f” B. dioica.
Ligusticnm ( Trochiscanthes) nodiflorum of the extreme Southern Alps. The L I G V S TI C VM of
Columella xii, 59, — and Apicius, described by Pliny xix. 50 and xx. 73 as wild on the mountains of
Liguria, a condiment when cultivated sweeter but without strength, by Dioscorides as named from
Liguria where it is chiefly produced, growing in shady places on the highest rough Appenines close
to the Alps, the stem slender like that of “ anëthô ” and geniculate, leaves “ mëlilôtôu ’’-like the uppermost
ones much divided, seeds “ marathrou ’’-like acrid and aromatic, used for pepper by the natives
who call the plant “ panakës,” is referred here by Dierbach, and others : L. nodiflorum is described
by Villars ; and is known to grow on the Southern prolongation of the Alps separating France from
Italy (Allion., and Pers. See L. levisticum).
Pastinaca saliva of Western Europe. Called in Britain parsnep, or in old herbáis pasnep
(Prior), in France “ panais,” in Italy “ pastinaca” or “ pastinaca dom estica” (Lenz), in which we
recognize the P AS T I NAC A of Columella, — and Macer Floridus, and “ pastinacae maiori ” of Pliny
xix. 28; P. sativa is described by Fuchsius pl. 751, Anguillara, and Columna (Spreng.) ; is termed
“ p. sylvestris latifolia” by Tournefort inst. 319 ; and besides being cultivated, is known to grow wild
throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 1206, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed
by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, along the margin of fields in the Peloponnesus and on the Greek islands.
By European colonists, was carried prior to 1670 (Josselyn) to Northeast America, where it continues
to be cultivated and has become naturalized : perhaps also by European colonists carried to Hindustan,
where it was observed by Law “ in gardens ” in the environs of Bombay (Graham) ; and to Burmah,
where it wa.s observed by Mason, but no native name is given.
Carum carui of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain carraway (Prior),
in Welsh “ carw ass” or “ carddwy” (Davies p. 20), in Germany “ kummel,” in Finland “ kumina,”
in Polish and Bohemian “ kmjn,” in French Switzerland “ cum in” (A. Dec.), in France “ carvi”
(Nugent), in Italy “ comino tedesco ” or “ carvi” or “ caro” (Lenz), in Egypt “ karaouih,” in which
we recognize the CAREVM of Columella xii. 51, — and Apicius vii. 2, according to Pliny xix. 49
exotic in Italy and cultivated in the same manner as “ olusatrum,” the best produced in Caria whence
the name, ancl the next best in Phrygia : seeds of C. carui have been found in delcris of the ancient
lake-villages of Switzerland (at Robenh., Heer) ; the term “ carui sem ina” occurs in medieval Latin,
and the herb “ carui ” is mentioned by Galfridus pr. pm, as growing abundantly in Britain (Prior) ;
C. carui continues frequent there, has been long known on the neighbouring continent Iretween
“ Lat. 50° and 60°,” and is regarded by A, Decandolle as indigenous from Lapland to Siberia and
Caucasus. Farther South, the “ karon ” is described by Dioscorides as a well known little seed,
warm, grateful to the taste and stomach and the root edible, is mentioned also by Galen, Oribasius,
and Aetius; C. cariii has not been found by modern travellers in Greece nor in Asia Minor, but was
observed by Foyskal, and Ciot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt, the seeds besides imported from “ Barbary
and Andalusia ” (Forsk. mat. med , and D el.). Eastward, is calleci in Hindustanee “ karwiya”
or “ ajm od” (D ’roz.) ; and is enumerated by Mason as “ exotic” in Burmah and called “ sa-mwot.”
By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation for
its seeds ; and to the Mauritius Islands, where it rarely flowers (B oj.). The more tender roots
according to Sprengel are eaten in Germany.
Carduus personata of the mountains of middle Europe. The PERSONATAo f Columella vi. 17.
I — is referred here by Sprengel and others : C. personata is described by C. Bauhin prodr. 155 ; is
termed “ arctium personata” by Linnæus ; and is known to grow on the Alps from Geneva and Tau-
rero to Austria (Jacq. austr. pl. 348, and Pers.).
Xeranthemum annuum of the Mediterranean countries and middle Asia. The I MMORT A L I S -
AMA RAN TVS of Columella X . 175 — is referred here by Sprengel : X. annuum was observed by
Sibthorp in Greece, m dry stony mountainous situations frequent ; by Gmelin, in Siberia. We.stward,
is described by Morison vi. pl. 21 ; is termed “ x. flore simplici purpureo majore ” by Tournefort inst!
499 ; and is known to grow in Italy ancl as far as France (Jacq. austr. pl. 388, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.).
According to Sprengel, the flowers have no pungent odour.
Artemisia palm ata of Western Europe. The SANTONI CVM of Columella v! 25, — and Piiny
xxvn. 28, “ sandomca herba” of Scribonius Largus 141, or “ tritón apsinthiöu ” growing accordili» to
Dioscondes mostly in Gaul beyond the Alps, and called after ihe district producin» it “ santöniön ”
mentioned also by Galen fac. simpl. vi. p. 804, is referred here by Lobel obs. p. 436, and Spren»el :
A. palmata is known to grow in Southern France and Spain, its seeds being the officinal “ semtnis santonici” (W ., and P ers.).
Menthagentilis oi Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A species of m int called in
Greece “ agriôëthuôsm ôs’’ (Sibth.): the N E P E T A - S Y L V E S T R I S of Columella vii. 5. 1 8 -m a y be
compared with the “ nëpëtan ” of the Romans identified by Dioscorides with the “ ëtëra kalaminthë ”
called “ agrian glëhôna ” from resembling the “ glëhôni ’’ even in odour, ancl referred here by Fraas :
M. gentihs I S distinctly described by Linnæus 805 ; is known to grow in wet places and among rub-
b /h throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Sm. brit. ii. p. 621, Sole pl. 18, and Pers.) ; was
observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, not rare in Greece, among stubble late in the autumn.
Salix praecox of middle Europe. The GALLICA-SALIXof Columella iv. 30. 4 - is referred
here by Sprengel : S. praecox is described by Hoppe, Hoffmann, Villars, and Host (Steud.) ; is
known to grow on nver-banks in middle Europe as far as Britain (J. E. Smith), a “ fragihssimis ” (P ers.). tree with branches
Sorghum vulgare oïTxofloal Eastern Asia. Called in Greece “ këghri” or “ kalampöki,” in
tay sorgo or ‘ saggina ” or “ melica ” (Targ., and Lenz), in which we recognize the M ELI C A E-
G A L Ll N A E, a term applied by Columella t o t h eME L E A G R I S Guinea fo w l, about this time first
tel ved upon tim tables of the Romans : a kind of “ milium ” brought within ten years from India to
ta y - IS furtlmr ™entioned by Pliny x. 38 and xviii. 10 as having a very large reedy stem seven
feet high and called lobas, cultivated m moist places and the most productive of all grains, a single
seed yielding “ ter.ni sextarii : ” the “ m elica” is also mentioned by Palladius (Fraas p. 312) ; specimens
of a kind of gram called “ meliga ” were brought from Natolia to Incisa in Piedmont in
Augurt 1204, the price of “ meliga ” or " m elya” is mentioned by Uberto de L ucerna“ in 1208”
the mode of cultivating “ m ilica” is described by Crescenzio, the “ m ilica” is identified with the
sorghum by CardanuS’ with the “ saggina” by C. Bauhin, and the “ sorgo” is also menlioned by
Mattinoli (A. Dec. p. 943). Eastward and Southward, S. vulgare was observed by Fraas under cultivation
in Greece ; stems intermingled with those of Papyrus were observed' by myself in a bundle
exhumed at Sakara, the “ dhorra” continued in the days of Abd-allatif almost unknown in Egypt,
but IS at present one of the principal objects of cultivation (Alpin., Forsk., Del., and Ciot-Bey) - is
U o U lU Southern Arabia “ taam” or “ habb” (Forsk.), in Hindustan
jondla or /w a ree (Graham) ; m which we recognize the “ jawars ” of Ebn Masah, Abu Hanifa
ivliazes and Ebn Baitar; was observed by niyself both in Arabia and in Equatorial Africa at Zanzibar,
and through the Interior had reached Senegal on the Atlantic prior to the visit of Cadamosto ;
rèntin 0 ® 1 Apollonius of Tyana (according to Philoslratu.s, and Beckmann), and
Uid mvseU F cultivated there, as witnessed by Rumphius v. pl. 75, Roxburgh, Graham,
hyl KlUa empffe r, and' T0 h unb, er’ g, under cultivabtyi oMn ainso Jna p“a enx, oatincd ” c ianl leBdu r“msaiohk uan ”d ocra iluesdu a“l lpyy “o uknibgi ; ”” aBndy
European co onists, a slender-stemmed variety has been recently brought “ from China ” to Northeast
the 0 / 0 " ft° b® cultivated along the Ohio and Mississippi for the sugar procured from
“ V T Z T T T Z mushroom called in Britain “ morel,” in France
r I n I I f I " spugnolo ” or “ spongiole ” (Lenz), in which we recognize the S P 0 N
Kknnoowwnn 0to grCowo laulmsoe ilnla m,-Pidhdnley E, uarnodp eA. picius, described as a spongy ball on trees; M. esculenta is
is leleired by wnters to this minut'e fuTnhgeu sM, cVa lCl e0d Rin O Ef nCgolilsuhm melloau xldii.. 4 and1 7,- a n d Pliny xiv. 26,
in s / ? ^ aU i”- ft-"®’ft'’ ""'‘ft ft" Kgypt of Germanicus ; and his death on his way tlience
" 0 "%'' observed by L. Seneca nat. qu. i. i (Clint, iv, p. 45).
pmi-oothiiibbiitteerdl ’, ® a"n'0d a®l,l0 p"e"r s”o n(s0 foCl’l,fot'w’ "in"fgi tfhi'*e'm"f t-bl a"nft isKhoemd ef,r otmhe Irtealliyg.ious rites of theE gyptians and Jews
c h r o n .U a b /'" " '^ ‘ ft'®‘" '°ft*® ‘ ft'“'’"""«’ ft'’® "’’"■'ping Sin-mang” or Wang-mang - (Chinese
%
ll'
I