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Silua in soc. Hackl.). “ Sarsaparilla from Me.xico” is mentioned by Monardez, the drug first becoming
known in Europe “ in 1530” (Pereir.) ; is described by Matthioli 838 (Spreng.) ; was found by
Alpinus used medicinally in Egypt, and according to Forskal mat. med. is called there “ sabarina” or
“ oschbe,” and is imported by way of Europe. (See S. siphilitica.)
Sm ilax officinalis of Colombia, from Guayaquil to the Magdalena. Called by the natives “ sarza-
parilla” (Humb.) from “ sarsa ” bramble and “ parilla” vine (Markh.), and doubtless used by the
natives around Guayaquil as early as this date : * — S. officinalis was observed growing there by Cieza
de Leon L-/., who regards it as better and more efficacious than any found in other “ parts of the
Indies ; ” by Humboldt and Bonpland, collected by the natives on the Magdalena and sent in great
quantities to Mompox and Carthagena, thence to Jamaica and Cadiz ; suspected by Pereira to be
the so-called “ Jamaica sarsaparilla, the best and most valuable kind in market.” South of the
Magdalena, “ S. purhampuy ” of the Eastern declivity of the Peruvian Andes, highly extolled by Ruiz,
is regarded by Lindley as perhaps not distinct.
1465 A. D. (= “ 1390 an. jav.,” Raffles x,). in Java, before the completion of a mosque with
eight columns at Bintara, death of Raden Rachmat after delivering into the hands of Raden Paku a
pusaka kris received from the prince of Majapahit. — The name of the new city was afterwards changed
to Demak, and the mosque continued standing svhen Raffles was writing in “ 1816.”
“ The same year = ‘ tching-hoa,’ ist year of Tchun-ti, or Hien-tsoung-tchun-ti,” or Hien-tsoung
I I ., “ of the Ming” or Twenty-third dynasty (Chinese chron. table). He established an inquisitorial
tribunal of eunuchs, with orders to put to death all persons suspected of rebellion — (Pauth.).
“ The same year (= 2125th of Synmu,” art de verif.), Gofunnazo succeeded by his son Go-
Tsutsi-Mikaddo, now dairo of Japan.
“ The same year” (Crawfurd vii. 11), Marhum reigning on Ternate.J — He partially adopted
the Mohammedan religion.
“ 1466 A. D.” (Blair), the second printed volunze issued in Europe, Cicero de officiis. Books
now becoming more accessible, — a Revival o f literature among European nations, and the languages
of the people coming more into use in writing.
“ The same year” (Martin Behaim in vov’ag. Belg., and Major pr. H. 134)1 the uninhabited
Azores islands, Fayal and Pico, given by Alfonso to his sister the duchess of Burgundy, and
colonized by Belgians saved from famine.
* Aralia nudicaulis of Northeast America. Called w ild sarsaparilla (A. Gray), its root said to
be used by the Crees in venereal, and its bruised bark from early times applied by them to recent
wounds — (Plook., and R. Brown jun.) : probably the kind of “ sarsaparilla” gathered at Fort Pop-
ham on the Sachadehock : “ two” kinds of “ sarsaparilia” are enumerated by Josselyn rar. 59 as
growing in New England, one “ not above a foot in height, without thorns : ” A. nudicaulis was observed
by Lapylaie in Newfoundland ; by Michaux, in Canada and on the Alleghany mountains ; by
myself, a frequent woodland plant throughout New England; and may grow along the Atlantic as
far as 40° N. (Barton), and on the mountains to Carolina (Pursh). Westward, was observed by
E. James along the base of the Rocky mountains ; and is known to grow from Lake Huron to 64° N.
(Hook.). Transported lo Europe, is described by Plukenet aim. pl. 138. (See Smilax glauca.)
Stillingia sylvatica of Carolina and Florida. From early times employed by the natives against
syphilis — (Forst. note to Bossu p. 8).
Echinopanax horriduni of Northwest America. From early times, employed in venereal by the
natives — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by myself, frequent between the mount Rainier ridge and the
Pacific; by Mertens, around Norfolk Sound; known to grow also at Nootka, Sitka, and on the island
of Kodiak (Dec.) ; and received by Hooker from the Rocky mountains and California.
Berberis aq~uipolhim of Norlhwest America. A pinnate-leaved barberry, from early times employed
by the natives in venereal— (R. Brown jun.) : observed by E. James on the Rocky mountains at the
sources of the Arkansas ; by Lewis and Clarke, at the rapids of the Columbia ; by myself, frequent
on Puget Sound; according to Hooker, grows from 40° to 49° along the Pacific, and inland to the
sources of the Columbia in 52°; was received by Decandolle from Nootka.
Betula sp. of Northwest America. A species of birch, from early times employed by the natives
in venereal— (R. Brown jun.).
Abies Douglassii of Northwest America. A tall spruce, its wood from early times used by the
natives for fuel, also the leaves in infusion in venereal— (R. Brown jun.) : oliserved by Douglass on
the Columbia; by myself, frequent from the mount Rainier ridge to the Pacific.
t Capparis baducca of the Ladrones or Marian Islands. A rough-stemmed shrub, six feet or more
high, brought to the Philippines as early possibly as this date : — well known at Paranaque, according
to Blanco, and substituted for the capers of commerce. Westward, was observed by Rheede vi.
pl. 57 in Malabar (Pers.).
“ At this time” (Stanley edit. C. Correa p. xxxvii), Negro slaves so abundant in Portugal that
Rosmithal and Blathner a Plungarian prince, having requested two of them, Alfonso V. replied, “ Those
are trifles which do not require the asking.”
“ 1467 A. D.” (art de verif.), Koschkadam succeeded by Belbay ; and before the close of the
year, by Timar Bogha, thirty-sixth Memluk sultan of Egypt.
Solanum Aetliiopicum of Tropical Eastern Asia? Called in Egypt “ bydingan el-qoutah ” cup
eggplant, or “ tiffah dahaby ” golden apple, or “ tiffali el-heb ” love apple (Del.); and the Egyptian
“'pélimón,” — translated “ malus silvestris” by Kircher 177, may be compared: S. Aetliiopicum was
received by Dodoens pempt. iii. 4. pl. 32 under the name of “ malum Aetliiopicum” from Spain,
supposed to have been brought there from Aethiopia; is termed “ lycopersicum aetliiopicum” by
Miller (Steud.). Eastward, was observed by Loureiro in Anam. By European colonists, was
carried to Northeast America, observed by niyself under cultivation in our middle States, mistaken
for a variety of S. melongena. (See S. miniatum.)
One hundred and seventy-third generation. Sept. ist, 1467, onward mostly beyond youth: the
Persian writer Mahmud Ben Mohammed wr. 1496 (Ainsl.) : the Jewish writers, Elia Bashiatschi, the
astronomer R. Elias Misraclii, Abraham Zacuto ben Samuel: the Arab writers, Abu’lbaka Bedri,
Ebn Shohné: the Greek writers, Georgius Trapezuntius d. i486, Georgius Gemistus Pletho, Georgius
Protosincellus, Georgius Phraiitzes d. 1477, Constantinus Lascaris d. about 1494, Emmanuel Georgilas
d. 1498, Stephanus Saclilekes, Constantinus d. 1500: Conradus Celtes, Angelus Politianus, Jacob
Wimpheling, Marsilius Ficinus, Baptista Platina, M. A. C. Sabellicus, Joannes Nauclerus, Philippus
Bergomensis, J. Picus Mirándola, Rudolphus Agricola, Nanni or Annius of Viterbo; Francis Pliilel-
phus; John -Wesselus ; Bessarion ; Thomas a Kempis ; Joannes Argyropulus ; Georgius Merula;
Antonius Rosellus, Ambrosius Camaldulensis, Pacificus, Angelus Clavasius, Baptista Trovamala: the
scholastic theologians, Dionysius Carthusianus, and Gabriel Biel: Bernard de Trevise d. 1490
(Pouchet): the botanists, Johannes Tollat von Voclienberg, Georgius Valla Placentinus: the
painters, Andrea Mantegna d. 1505.
“ 1468 A. D.” (art de verif.). Timar Bogha succeeded by Kayt-Bay, thirty-seventh Memluk sultan
of Egypt. Who built at Cairo the small but remarkable mosque that bears his name (Ciot-Bey xv. 2).
Coffiea Arabica oi Y.qnatox\a\ Aiúca.. Called in Abyssinia “ boun” (A. Rich.), the berries long
known there as edible, and for making the beverage introduced into or established in Aden by the
mufti Mohammed Dhabhani, — who died in 1471 (= “ 875 hej.” of Abd-alkader, De Sacy chrest.
arab.) : drinking “ kahwa ” or coffee reached Egypt about the close of the century (“ 901 to 910 hej.”)
through Arabs from Yemen performing religious services in a mosque at Cairo, where Schehab-eddin
ben Abd-algaffar according to his own account partook of the new preparation : the first attempt to
suppress the use was made in 1511 (= “ 917 hej.”) under the authority of Khair-beg pasha and
mohtesib of Mecca; and only in 1555 (= “ 962 hej.” of geogr. Turc) did coffee become known in
Constantinople and Greece : the berries and beverage were both seen in Syria by Rauwolf. The
shrub was doubtless soon introduced into Yemen, where its cultivation became of importance, and
was observed on the mountains.by Forskal: living stocks were even seen in Egypt by Alpinus, and a
recent attempt there at cultivation is mentioned by Ciot-Bey. C. Arabica is known to grow wild in
Abyssinia and throughout Equatorial Africa to Sierra Leone and Monrovia on the Western coast
(Ritter, Vogel, and Hook. fl. nigr.). By European colonists, was carried prior to 1690 from Arabia
to Batavia in the Malayan archipelago ; in 1717, to the Mauritius Islands; in 1718, to Surinam in
Tropical America; and according to Meyen, has become naturalized on the Corcovado mountain near
Rio Janeiro (Schouw 18, and A. Dec.).
“ 1469 A. D.” (Galvan.), by Alfonso V. of Portugal, the trade of “ Guine ” leased for five years
to Fernam Gomez for a sum of money, with the condition “ that euery yeere he should dlscouer an
hundred leagues.”
“ In this year” (Dallet p. cxxvii), accession of Sieng-tsong, now king of Corea.
“ 1470 A. D.” (Alst. p. 30S), invasion of Styria and Carinthia by the Turks under Mohammed
II. ; and some thousands of the inhabitants carried away captive.
“ In this year” (Galvan.), Arzila and Tánger in Africa captured by Alfonso V. of Portugal.
“ The same year” (art de verif. contin., see also Humb. atl. pict.), death of Nézahualcojotl, king
of Acolhuacan at Tezcuco. He had composed in Aztec an elegy on the destruction of the city of
Azcapozalco, also one on the instability of human greatness, and sixty hymns to the Supreme Being.
" In this year ” (Talvi ii. i, and Major p. Ixxv), Athanasius Nikitin of Tver in Russia, after
passing his first Easter in Nain, his second in Mazanderan, his third at Ormuz, arriving in Western
Hindustan, — where he passed his fourth and fifth Easter. His sixth was passed at Muscat, and he
reached home “ in 1474.”
Hedyotis umbellata of Tropical Hindustan. The chay or dndian madder, a small suffruticose
plant cidled in Telinga “ cheri-velloo ” (Lindl.), in Tamil “ saya ” or “ emboorel cheddie ” or “ rami-
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