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T I 4 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
continues among the Arabs the name of lead (Kitt. cyd . bibl. lit.). . Under its Greek name
“ molivthos ” or “ moluvthos,” lead is mentioned by Herodotus iii. 56, Aristophanes, and Plato ; and
under its Latin name “ plumbum,” by Plautus, Terence, Lucretius, and Columella. “ Ancient lead-
mines ” in the mountains between the Nile and Red Sea, have been discovered by Burton ; and
“ lead is also said to exist at a place called Sheff, near Mount Sinai.” '
“ 1525 B. C. = 1st year of Ts-ou-y, of the Chan g” or Fourth dynasty (Chinese chron. table).
Other nations than the Egyptians now begin to furnish monumental history, and certain vases
manufactured under the Chang dynasty are regarded as the earliest Chinese works of art — extant
(Pauth. 201).
^ There are also artificial works at Babylon, Nineveh, and in Syria and Greece, doubtless more
ancient than tlie last-named date ; — but none have been traced with certainty so far back. Throughout
the vast variety of sculptures and inscriptions, Assyrian, Phoenician, Greek, and Italian, paintiiigs
on pottery being included, the amount of information afforded on the subject of animals and p la iis
is surprisingly small.
Henceforward, our principal dependence is on transmitted writings : for the lifetime of individuals
whose words are extant, is now reached ; — and eye-witnesses in each succeeding generation
can be consulted, down to the present day. “
In this year = “ 3oth of Tutmas I I I .,’’ his sixth military campaign ; directed as usual Northward
and Eastward, but in the same year tribute was received from Ethiopia — (Birch).
1522 B. C. = “ 33d year of Tutmas I I I .,” his eighth military campaign: in which he found a
tablet of his father Tutmas I., and established a fleet on the Euphrates — (Birch).
Besides lapis lazuli, “ an artificial imitation of blue colour” moulded into the form of the head
of a ram was brought as tribute by the chief of Singara (and according to Birch various moulded
“ specimens exactly alike as to material have been found on the banks of the Euphrates and the
Nile ” ). It is perhaps the blue earth resembling indigo, figured in baskets in the tribute -procession
to Tutmas I I I ., — and mines of which are known to be worked on the Euphrates to the present day.
1521 B. C. = “ 34th year of Tutmas I I I .,” his ninth military campaign: and in the same year,
tribute was sent from Ethiopia and other countries — (Birch).
1520 B. C. = “ 35th year of Tutmas I I I .,” inscribed on the monuments, his tenth military cam-
pmgn : and in the same year, other tribute came from Ethiopia — (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 385, and
B irch ).
The same year {= 1493 y. 11 mo. + “ 25 y. 10 mo.” of Manetho in Jos. c. A. = 1417 - f “ 37
+ 3t + 9 + 0 years ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table, the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving - f “ 38 - f 3 1 -f-
9 + 26 years ” = 1521), accession of Mephramouthósis or Misphragmouthósis. Seemingly marking
some event : the reign of Tutmas I I I . shown by the monuments to continue without interruption.
In the procession of foreign nations bearing tribute to Tutmas I I I ., the head and neck of a bird
prepared as a curiosity seems (from the copied figure in Champollion-Figeac pl. 61) that of the domestic
fow l, Gallus Bankivus; and therefore from Burmah, — where according to Mason v. p. 229 the
bird occurs in its wild state : the domesticated bird was brought “ from the West ” into China B. C.
1400 (Chin, en c y c l), and a proverb of the men of antiqhity, “ The hen should not crow, if the hen
crows the family is lost,” is preserved in the Chou-King (Pauth. 77). Westward from Burmah, the
domesticated bird is mentioned in the Institutes of Manu as well known in , Hindustan ; is figured
on Babylonian cylinders “ between the Sixth and Seventh centuries B. C .,” and “ on the Harpy tomb
in Lycia about 600 B. C .” (Layard) ; but with the above exception is not figured on the Egyptian
monuments ; is not mentioned in the early portion of the Plebrew Scriptures, nor by Plesiod, nor
Homer, and seems unknown in Switzerland during the Stone Age (Troyon) ; at a later period, the
“ a lék tò r” is mentioned by Theognis 862, the Batrachomyomachia, Ejricharmus, Aeschylus, and
Cratinus ; the “ ga llin a ” by Plautus, and Varrò, the “ gallus gallinaceus ” by Cicero, and was already
in Britain when visited by Caesar. Eastward from China and the Malayan archipelago, the domestic
fowl was carried throughout the Tropical i.slands of the Pacific by Polynesians, as verified by myself:
but continued unknown in America, New Zealand, and Australia, until introduced by European
colonists.
Heaps of precious stones are also figured, including (according to Champollion-Figeac p. . .)
garnets, and cornelian.
The young elephant led in this Tribute-procession by men of the White race, was therefore not
from the Upper Nile, but an Indian elephant, E. Indicus, brought overland by the Nabathean or a
more Northern route. The delegates are Northerners as appears from their costume — and from
the bear led by delegates of the same nation in a subsequent Tribute-procession.
O F A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S .
1 1 5
The accompanying tusks in the hands of the same delegates, from the large size clearly belong
to the African elephant, E. Africanus : procured therefore by the way of Hindustan and the Persian
Gulf through intercourse by sea with Equatorial Africa.
A set of delegates, with difficulty identified witli the White Race, come from the Southern extreme
of Arabia shown by their resemblance to many among the existing population, and by the checkered
receptacle in which they are carrying a living exotic tree :
Gen. ignot. of Tropical Arabia. This very painting — may prove the origin of the tradition that
the “ pé rséa ” tree was planted by Perseus in Egypt ; a tradition credited by Alexander (Plin. xv.
13): the “ p gr sé a ” was held sacred by the Egyptian priests (Plut. is. and osir. p. 5481 ; is called
m Egyptian “ tshvè ” (Kirch.) or “ tshouè ” (ms. P a r .) ; is described by Theophrastus iv. 2 as a
large handsome tree growing in Egypt, in habit and foliage resembling the pear, but the leaves ever-
p e en , fruit greenish and having a smaller nucleus than the plum, and the wood solid and valuable •
IS mentioned also by Nicander, Diodorus, and Dioscorides ; by Artemidorus (Strab. xvi. 4. 4) as
wild in the country West of the entrance of the Red S ea ; and is identified with the “ leb a k h ” of
Abu Hanifa, Firuzabadi, Avicenna, Abd-allatif, Ebn Baitar, Makrizi, and Soyouti, by the Copts
Arabs, and De Sacy. The “ laebach ” was seen by Forskal p. 196 at Melhan among the mountains
of Yemen, a tree having leaves twice as long as the petiole, otherwise closely resembling those of the
“ sar ” (described as lanceolate, entire, and smooth), but neither fruit nor flower were met with.
A third set of delegates are clad in the cincture of Tropical climates, yet seem to have come
from either Palestine or Cyprus, for the vases in their hands manifest a taste for the fine arts suroes-
tive of Greek nationality. ®
Crocus sativus of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens saffron in
Spam “ azafran,” in Arabic “ al zahafaran ” (Prior), in Germany “ safran,” in Italy “ zafferano” (Lenz)
in Greece “ k ro k os” (Fraas), in Egyptian “ m è th iio ” (E dw .) ; and the single large flowers projecU
mg above the soil in these vases — may be compared: “ krokos ” of Cilicia continued celebrated in
the days of Dioscorides, and that of Cyrene is mentioned by him, and Theophrastus vi 6- the
“ sahaferan” or “ zafran” is mentioned by Arab writers; and the “ fragrant” crocus was observed by
Rauwolf m Syria. Farther North, the “ k ro k os” is mentioned by Homer, Aeschylus ag. 230, Euripides,
Aristophanes, the Hippocratic writings, and the “ krokos èuosmos ” by Theophrastus’ix. 7:
C. sativus was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the mountains and rocky plains of Attica, and in
fallow ground m other parts of Greece. Westward, Sicilian “ krokos ” is mentioned by Dioscorides-
cultivating “ crocus” in Italy is mentioned by Varrò, Columella, and Pliny xxi. 17; Roman salooni
and theatres were strewed with its “ costly perfume,” and “ vinous tinctures retaining the scent were
made ” (Sen, ep. 90, Lucan ix. 808, Spartian., Lamprid., and Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl.) - C. sativus
is_ described by Bauhin hist. ii. p. 637, and Tournefort inst. 350; was observed by Lenz seeminMy
wild in Italy ; continues a favourite garden flower throughout middle Europe, escaping and sprin Jniz
up spontaneously for successive seasons as far even as England (Engl. bot. pl. 343, and Wata.)1
but according to A. Decandolle, its cultivation for commercial purposes is becoming rare. Eastward
from Greece, is known to be cultivated in Asia Minor, Persia, and extensively in Cashmere; the
product according to Royle e.xported and sold at a high price in Hindustan for colouring and flavouring
dishes, and as a stimulant medicine. The dried stigmas according to Pereira, and Lindley, “ are
the saffron of the shops,” among Europeans “ little used except as a colouring ingredient,” ancl “ an
agreeable stimulant in many culinary preparations and liq u eu rs :” the “ singular substance called
polychroite is obtained ” from it.
In the same tribute-procession, the two men leading a camelopard, from the features and complexion
examined by myself in the original painting- at Thebes, seem (as suggested by Gliddon) to
belong to the Abyssinian Race o f man.
The same year (in or about the “ four hundred and ninety-fifth ann. Abr. and seventh year of
Marathius king of Sicyon,” Euseb. . . . ), the city of Corinth founded.
December (— 1551 .. 239U — “ 49 y e a rs ” of ten lunations, Gen. xxvi. 34), marriage of Esau
with Judith and Bashemath.
palsamodendron opobalsamum of the African side of the entrance to the Red Sea. The balsam
tree is called m Yemen “ abu scham,” and its imported product seems connected with the name of
Bashemath ; — “ bshm ” is enumerated by Moses (ex. xxx. 23 to xxxv. 28) among ingredients for the
anointing oil, and to the days of Ezekiel xxvii. 22 continued to be imported by “ merchants of Sheba
and Raamah : ” the living tree (according to Josephus) was brought by the queen of Sheba to Palestine;
and seems mentioned in gardens there in Cant. iv. 16 to vi. 2; the “ valsamon thènthron” continued
under cultivation in Palestine in the days of Theophrastus ix. 6, Diodorus, Dioscorides, Pliny,
Tacitus, Justin, Galen, Pausanias, Nicolaus of Laodicea, Beda loc. sanct., and Willebald, after whose
visit it disappeared from the country : two centuries later, trees were seen in Egy-pt by Ebn Samhun
in a garden at Ain-Schems near Cairo, and continued flourishing when visited by Abd-allatif, Maun