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here by Fuchsius : L. carcliaca was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to
Constantinople ; is known to occur also about Caucasus and in Siberia (A. Dec.) ; and was observed
by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan. Westward, is described by Brunfels, and Gerarde ; is
termed “ cardiaca” by Tournefort inst. i86 ; and is known to occur in waste places in Hungary and
throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 727, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). By European
colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues frequent in waste places in our Northern
and middle States ; to Brazil, where it was observed by A. St. Hilaire in the outskirts o( Rio
Janeiro. Its “ reputed tonic powers ” and use in the “ disease of the stomach called heart-burn, are
now little regarded,” though according to Burnett “ a stimulant which has been extolled by the Russians
as a preservative against canine madness ” (Lindl.). Its English name and alleged power in
female complaints mentioned by Linacre, and Parkinson, may have arisen from its outward resemblance
to Artemisia vulgaris.
Betonica Orientalis of middle Asia. The SpacrtalioTavov of Nicolaus Myrepsus i. i — is referred
here by Sprengel: B. Orientalis is known to grow “ in Oriente” (Pers.); and from transported
specimens, is clescribed by Linnæus, and Thuillier (Lam. ill. pl. 507, and Steud.).
Corrigiola littoralis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Diminutive, prostrate from a
central root, and called in Britain strap-wort, in medieval Latin “ corrigiola” (Prior) : mentioned by
Nicolaus Myrepsus, — according to transl. med. art. princ. 520 a; C. littoralis was observed by Sibthorp,
and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, is described by Morison
V. pl. 29; and is known to grow in sandy situations in Barbary and throughout middle Europe as
faras Denmark (fl. Dan. pl 334, and Pers.).
Phalaris Canariensis of the Canary Islands. Called in Britain Canary grass (Prior), in Greece
“ kôukoulë” or “ koukbulohôrtôn ” (Sibth.) or “ anëmôhôrtô” (Forsk.), in which we recognize the
avepognprov of Nicolaus Myrepsus:—P. Canariensis was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, in
Greece and at Constantinople, frequent in cultivated ground; by Forskal, Hasselquist, and Delile
around Ale.x:mdria and Cairo. Westward, is enumerated by Stapel as frequent on Malta, and was
observed there by Forskal; is termed “ gramen spicatum semine miliaceo albo” by Tournefort inst.
518 ; is known to occur in cultivated ground on the Canary Islands (Pers.) ; and since the domestication
of Canary birds has been cultivated in Western Europe for feeding them with its seeds, in
Britain tending to become naturalized (Wats., and A. Dec.). By European colonists, was carried to
Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation and is occasionally met with growing spontaneously.
“ Towards the end of October ” (Alst,, and Nicol,), Gregorius IX. succeeded by cardinal Geoffrey
de Castiglione, now Celestinus IV., twenty-third pope. Dying on the “ 17th or i8th of November”
before being consecrated, the office continued vacant — more than eighteen months.
“ Nov.09th” (Nicol.), a synod at Oxford. It was resolved, to send a deputation, praying the
emperor Fredericus II. to leave the election of tlie pope to the cardinals.
“ The same year” (Stirling res. Asiat. xv. 315 to 327, and Elphinstone iii. 8), the Black pagoda,
near that of Jagannat on the Eastern shore of Hindustan, completed.*
* Cocculus villosus of Eastern Hindustan and Burmah. A woody twiner called in Hindustanee
“ dier ” or “ faridbuti,” in Telinga “ doosra-tiga,” in Bengalee “ huyer ” (Drur.) ; and from early times,
its leaves and root employed medicinally : —observed by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, in the peninsula
and as far as Bengal (Drur.) ; by Mason, in Burmah,
Sida rhovibnidea o" Assam? Called in Bengalee “ swet-baryala,” in Hindustanee “ sufed-bari-
yala” (Drur.), and known perhaps from early times : —observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, “ cultivated”
from Assam to Negapatam and Coromandel, its long silky fibres of great strength (Drur.); according
to Hannay hort. soc. beng. 1862, growing “ luxuriantly in Assam.”
Bnchanania lancifolia of Chittagong, A Terebinthoid tree, its tender unripe fruit from early
times eaten in curries:—observed by Roxburgh (Drur.).
Canarium Bengalense of Silhet and the adjacent mountainous countries. A Terebinthoid tree,
its copal-like but brittle resin known from early times, — sold at a clieap rate in the Calcutta bazaar,
and not valued by the natives (Madras exhib. rep., and Drur.).
Icica Indica of Assam and Chittagong. An Amyroid tree seventy feet high called in Bengalee
“ nayor” (Drur.) ; and from early times, its hard close-grained wood used for furniture ; —observed
by Wallicli and termed “ bursera serrata,” its timber “ tough as oak, and much heavier” (Drur.).
Bauhinia diphylla of Ea.stern Hindustan. Called in Bnrmah “ pa-lari ” (Ma.son), at Cuddapah
and Guntoor “ authee nar ” or “ yepy ” or “ apa ” (Drur.) ; and its fibres known from early times ;
observed by Buchanan, and Roxburgh, “ common about Cuddapah and Guntoor ” (Drur.) ; by Mason,
in Burmah.
Cassia {Cathartocarpus) Roxburghii of Eastern Hindustan. A beautiful tree resembling the
“ 1243 A. D.” (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Sidsio succeeded by Saga II. or Go-Saga, younger
son of Tsatsi-mikaddo and now eighty-seventh dairo of Japan.
“ In the Thirteenth century” (Jap. c. c. 90), the third colossal statue of Budha, “ the well-known
Daibutsu, of Kamakura,” was built “ with an alloy containing a small percentage of gold.”
“ June 24th or 25th” (Alst, and Nicol.), cardinal Sinabaldo di Fiesco or Innocentius IV. elected
twenty-fourth pope. He introduced into his Bulls the celebrated clause, “ Non obstantibus,”
“ 1244 A. D.” (Nicol.), a synod at Tarragona. “ Against such as robbed, ill-treated, or defamed
priests.”
“ The same year” (Munk), the sultan of Damascus having made a treaty again admitting the
crusaders into Jerusalem, Melek-Saleh extended an invitation to the Kharesmians, already then in
Syria. In accordance therewith, the Kharesmians advanced upon and captured Jerusalem. — At the
end of three years, they were expelled by the combined forces of the Syrians and Egyptians.
The number of Memluks increased beyond precedent by Melek-Saleh ; who purchased some
thousands of young “ Turks,” to whom he gave a military education, and thus obtained a formidable
body of soldiers exclusively devoted to his interests.
“ In this year (= 642 A. H.” of Ferishta, Elphinst.), irruption of Mogul Tartars through Tibet*
weeping ash, its hard handsomely-marked timber known from early times : —observed by Roxburgh
on the Gingie hills, rare in the wild state (Drur.).
Dalbergia sissoides of Eastern Hindustan. Its timber valued from early times :—observedby
Roxburgh (Drur.).
Olea robusta of Silhet. Its hard and durable timber known from early times:—observed by
Roxburgh (Drur.).
Echaltium piscidium of Silhet. A perennial climbing Apocynoid called there “ echalat ” (Drur.);
and from early times, the fibres of its bark used as a substitute for hemp : —observed in Silhet by
Roxburgh (Wight pl. 472, Royle, and Drur.).
Wrightia moliissima of Cachar. Its timber known from early times,—being according to
Brownlow in a. h. s. 1S64 “ the nearest approach to boxwood there is in that part of the country”
(Drur.).
Premna esculenta of Chittagong. Its leaves from early times used there medicinally : —observed
by Roxburgh (Drur.).
Artocarpus chaplaslia of the forests East of Bengal as far as Chittagong. An immense tree;
and from early times, river-canoes made of its trunk, its timber used besides for other purposes,
especially for anything under water: — enumerated by Drury.
Calamus erectus of Silhet. Its seeds from early times used there by the poorer classes as a substitute
for betel-nut: —observed by Ro.xburgh (Drur.).
* fconitum heierophyllum of the Himalayas. Shrubby, its imported root called in Hindustanee
“ atis,” on the Deccan “ atvika ” or “ vajjfoturki,” in Telinga “ ati vasa,” in Tamil “ alivadayam ” (Drur.),
and from early times sold in bazaars as aphrodisiac tonic and febrifuge : —observed by Wallich, and
Royle, on the Himalayan mountains, at the elevation of “ nine to ten thousand feet” (Drur.).
Aconitum palmatum and A . luridum, two other species growing on the Himalayan mountains,
“ and yielding similar properties” (Drur.).
Thalictrum foHolosum of the Khasia mountains. Called there “ pila jari ” yellow-root, exported
from the Kumaon mountains under the name of “ momeeree ” (Drur.), and from early times employed
medicinally: —observed by Buchanan (Steud.), and Royle ill. 51 (Drur.).
Grewia elastica oi Hindustan. A Tiliaceous tree, its timber from early times highly esteemed
for its strength and elasticity, for making bows and the shafts of vehicles: — observed by Royle, its
berries having a pleasant acid taste and used for making sherbet (Drur.).
Pavia Indica of the Himahiyan mountains. The Himalayan horse-chestnut x's a lofty tree called
“ kunour” or “ pangla” (Drur.) ; and from early times, its seeds eaten, and its soft strong timber
used for building and cabinet purposes : — observed by Colebrooke, Wallich, Royle. and Jacquemont,
at the elevation “ of from eight thousand to ten thousand feet in Kumaon Gurwhal ” Sirmore and near
the sources of the Ganges to Kunawur (Balfour, and Drur.).
Xanthoxylon hastih of the Himafayas. Prickly, and from early times its aromatic fruit used as
a condiment, its seeds and bark as an aromatic tonic, and its small branches for tooth-scrubbers : —
described by Wallich, and observed by Powell in the Punjaub, its larger branches used for triturating
the hemp-plant, and its capsules and seeds “ said to intoxicate fish ” (Drur.),
Exacum ictragonum of Subtropical Plindustan. A Gentianoid annual one to two feet high,
powerfully bitter and called “ ooda chiretta” purple chiretta (Royle) : from early times, employed as
a tonic and febrifuge:—observed by Roxburgh, Wallich rar. pl, 276, and Royle, “ common in the