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6 4 0 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
journ, asiat. for 1848), the tree is “ indigenous on the Tenasserim coast, and in some sections is quite
abundant.” According to Lindley, liquid storax is “ a fragrant honey-like balsam,” a “ stimulating
expectorant substance acting in the same way as solid storax, that is to say influencing the mucous
membranes, especially that which lines the air passages.” , t, 1 Aconitum ferox of the Himalaya mountains. The acrid root of an Aconitum found by Belon
imported into Egypt and called “ bish ; ” in which we recognize the “ bish ” of Hobaisch, — Rhazes,
Ebn Samhum, Avicenna, I. ben-Ali, and Ebn Baitar, referred by Royle (in Kitt. bibl. cycl.) to A. ferox,
the name derived from the Sanscrit “ vish a” signifying poison, and the drug long celebrat£ among
the Hindus ; the plant is also attributed to Hindustan by Kaswini (De Sacy chrest., and Gildem.), and
may prove the source Cucumis sativus of genuine aconite. of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Egypt “ khyar,” in which we recognize the
“ khiar” of — Hobaisch, I. ben Masah, Amineddulat, I. ben Soliman, Rhazes, Avicenna, Elgafaki,
Abd-allatif, and Ebn Baitar: C. sativus was observed in Egypt by Forskal, Delile, and myself; and
farther North, is called in Persian “ kyar” (Roxb. iii. p. V-o) ; was observed by Forskal in gardens at
Constantinople ; and according to Chaubard, is abundantly cultivated in Greece. Westward, is called
in Esthonian “ ukkuritz ” or “ uritz,” in Polish “ ogorek,” in Bohemian “ agurka,” in German “ gurke”
or “ kukummer” (A. D ec.), in Italian “ cocomero,” in Spanish “ cogombro,” in B rench “ concombre,”
and in English cucumber ox the young fruit for pioWwig gherkin; is described by Matthioli p. 367,
Dalechamp'p. 620, and Lobel pl. 638, and is cultivated throughout Middle Europe. Southward from
Eo-ypt, is known to be cultivated in Abyssinia (A. Rich.) ; and was observed by myself at Muscat.
Eastward, is called in Sanscrit “ sookasa ” (Pidd.), in Bengalee “ sasha ” or “ khyira ” or “ kankur, m
Hindustanee “ khira” or “ kakri” (D ’rozar.) ; was observed in Hindustan by Rheede vm. pl. 6, Roxburo
h, Wight, myself, and according to Graham is “ cultivated to a considerable extent as an article
of food amono- the natives.” Farther East, is enumerated by Mason v. p. 471 as “ exotic” in Burmah,
the Burmans and Karens seeming to prefer the fruit “ when large and yellow ; ” was observed by Blume
p. 930 under cultivation in Java; in Cochinchina and China, by Loureiro p. 726; and by Kasinpter,
and Thunberg, cultivated in Japan and called “ akwa,” or usually “ karas uri ” or “ ki uri.” Brom
Europe, was carried by Columbus to the W est Indies (F. Columb. 53) i and at the present day, is
abundantly cultivated throughout Northeast America.
“ Oct. 5th ” (Nicol., see also Alst.), “ Eighth ” general ecclesiastical Council. Convened at Constantinople
by the emperor Basilius : who “ for parricide” had been excluded from the church. The
patriarch Photius was deposed, and Ignatius reinstated; and on an appeal being made to Rome, some
writings of Photius against the encroachments of the Roman archbishop, subscribed by many provinc
i a l bishops, were publicly burned by Hadrianus 1 1 .
“ S70 A. D ,” (art de verif.), Mohtadi succeeded by Motamed, fifteenth Abbassid khahf.
The authority of Motamed was acknowledged by Tooloon ; who, under the appointment of governor
of Egypt, had rendered himself really independent. Coins issued in Egypt by Tooloon, are
figurPeda iirna rMa aArvciecl epii.n 6c6e.o iZVma. Called in Arabic “ fag h a ra” (Mowafik) ; and the “ fagi,rat of Ebn
Masah,“—Ishak ben Amran, Mesue, Serapion 200, Ebn Baitar, supposed by Avicenna to come
Sofala,” is referred here by Jussieu: F. Avicenn® is described from imported specimens by Lobel
ic. ii. pl. 133- Eastward, wa.s observed in China by Incarville (who sent specimens fo Jussieu, Spieng.),
and according to Lindley, is “ used in China as an antidote against all poisons ; undoubtedly a powerlul
stimfflant^ this year” (N icol), by a synod at Spalatro, the use of the Slavonian language in
religious services prohibited. 1 1 ah-
“ Syz A D .” (Nicol.), Ethelred succeeded by Alfred, sixth Anglo-Saxon king of England. Altreü s
coins are of inferior workmanship : his jewel, “ a beautiful work of art ” bearing an inscription in Anglo-
Saxon capital letters, — is now in the museum at Oxford (Pauli vi ).
“ 873 A. D .” (A lst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Hadrianus II. succeeded by Joannes IX., torty-tnira
“ 874*A. D. = ‘ kian-fou,’ 1st year of Hi-tsoung, of the T hang” or Fifteenth dynasty (Chinese
°''™Hatedly foter than this date (Yule cath. i. p. cvii), Ebn Wahab, an acquaintance of Abu Zaicl,
visiting Kliumdan (Singanfu) in China.
“ The same year” (Rafn), colonization of Iceland by Scandinavians under Ingoll.
“ 875 A. D .” (Pauth. 329), in China, beginning of the revolt led by Hoang-tchao (called an
-j-he same year ” ( = 823 - f cycle of 52 yrs., Clavig. ii), accession of Nacaxoc, fifth Toltec king
A cer (Negundo) Americanum of the Mississippi and its tributaries. A pinnate-leaved maple
c aW a A a s h - l e a v e d maple ox box-elder, aad sugar procured from it by the Crees,* perhaps from early
times — (R. Brown jun.): grows according to A. Gray on “ river-banks. Pennsylvania to Wisconsin,
and southward,” a “ small but handsome tree ; ” was observed by F. A. Michaux in the Southern and
Western States ; by Elliot, in the upper district of Carolina and Georgia ; by Chapman, “ Florida and
northward ; ” by Darby, near New Orleans ; by E. James, from the Missouri to within the Rocky mountains
; by Nuttall, along the Missouri to the mountains ; and by Richardson, as far as 53° on the
Sasltetcliewan (see also H ook.). Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet pl. 123 (Spreng.),
Linnæus, and Duhamel i. pl. 11; was obseaved by Ciot-Bey in the gardens of Egypt.
“ 876 to 877 A. D .” (Rafn), beyond Iceland, “ islands” discovered by Gunbjorn ; the coast of
Greenland, — as subsequently ascertained.
“ 877 A. D .” (Abu Zeid, see alsoQfouth.), the city of Kan-fou (Canton) captured by Bloang-tchao,
and all the inhabitants put to death ; 'including “ twenty-six thousand Muslims, Jews, Christians, and
Parsees, residing there for the purposes of commerce,”
“ The same year” (ann. Jap., and art de verif,), abdication of Seiwa, in favour of his eldest son
Josei or Yo-zei, now fifty-seventh dairo of Japan. , ^ ^ _
“ The same year” (N icol.), Charles II, le Chauve succeeded by his son Louis IL, as king of
Fran“ce8.7 8, Aug. n t h ” (N icol.), a synod at Troyes. An ordinance was adopted, that t1h e 1b odri es oct
excommunicated persons, instead of being buried, “ should be exposed 10 beasts of prey.”
“ Under the administration of T ooloon” (Marcel p. 61 and 68), construction of the subterranean
aqueducts that supply the city of Alexandria with water. Tradition among the Copts ascribes the
work to Sanutious or Shenouda, at this time Coptic patriarch.
“ 879 A. D .” (according to two Kufic inscriptions), and on the site selected ninety years afterwards
for the city of Cairo, the mosque of Tooloon completed. With the possible exception of the
nilometer of Motawakkel, it presents the earliest pointed arches (Wilk. theb. and eg. p. 302 and
4S7, and Marcel p. 75, see also Leps. eg. and sin. p. 73). — The new style soon became universal
in Egypt ; and very little change has since taken place in Muslim architecture ; recognized throughout
the East by the dome and pointed arch. In the W est also, the origin and extension of the
so-called “ G othic” architecture, is clearly connected with the Muslim occupancy of Sicily and
SpainS.e rratula behen . of Syria and Cyprus. The “ bahman” of Ishak ben Amran, — Rhazes, Avicenna
141, Mosih, Serapion, and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by writers; “ bahman” roots from
Greece, are enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as used medicinally in Egypt. Farther North, S.
* Phaca aboriginorum of the Saskatchewan aud Mackenzie river. From early times, eaten by
the Crees and S to le Indians East of the Rocky mountains — (R. Brown jun.) ; described by Hooker,
and as growing from Lake Winnipeg to the Rocky mountains, and Bear Lake at 56°.
Heracleum lanatum of Subarctic America. The American cow-parsnip, from early times used
as a potherb by the Crees, and its roots and young stems eaten by the tribes along the Pacific —
(R. Brown jun.): observed by Michaux in Canada; by Lapilaye, in Newfoundland; by myself,
from the Subalpine portion of the White mountains to 40° along the Atlantic ; by Muhlenberg, and
Chapman, “ mountains of North Carolina; ” by Short, in Kentucky ; and according to Hooker, grows
throughout Canada to 58° on the Mackenzie river, also in Northwest America as far as Unalascha.
Urtica gracilis of North America. A tall nettle, wory slightly stinging; and from early limes,
fibre obtained from its stem by the Northwestern tribes — (R. Brown jun.) : received from Hudson
Bay by Aiton (Pers.); termed “ u. procera ” by Muhlenberg (Steud.); observed by Pursh from Canada
to Pennsylvania ; by A. Gray, “ common, especially northward ” from Central New York ; by myself,
from 43° to 40° along the Atlantic ; by Schweinitz, at 36° in Upper Carolina; by Elliot, in the Upper
district of Carolina and Georgia ; by Short, in Kentucky ; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; and by Long’s
Expedition ii., on the Upper Mississippi. Lilium Canadense of Northeast America. The Canadian yellow lily, W-f, root from early times
eaten by the natives of Northwest America — (R. Brown jun.): “ mountain-lilies bearing many yellow
flowers, turning up their leaves like the martigon, or Turk’s-cap, spotted with small spots as deep as
safforn,” were seen by Josselyn rav. 54 in New England : L. Canadense was observed by Michaux in
Canada and on the Alleghanies of Virginia and Carolina; by myself, on the border of marshes from
47° 30' on the Lower St Lawrence to 42° along the Atlantic; by Torrey, to 41° on the H udson; by
Schweinitz, at 36° in Upper Carolina; by Cate.sby pl. ri (Pers.), and Elliot, on the Alleghanies of
Carolina; by Chapman, in inountain-meadows, Georgia, and northward;” by Beck, as far as the
Mississippi near St Louis. Transported to Europe, is described by Io Robin (Spreng.), Morison iv.
pl- 20, and Barrelier.
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