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5 5 0 CH RO NO LO G ICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
“ 35S “)-• D .” (Sulpic. Sev., and Clint.), by a synod at Milan, Constantius II. being present,
Liberius thirty-fourth bishop of Rome exiled and Felix appointed in his place: at the same time,
Eusebius bishop of Vercelli in Italy also exiled, together with Lucifer bishop of Sardinia, and Hila-
rius Pictavensis. — At the end of two years, by advice of Fortunatianus, Liberius returned and subscribed
to the Arian faith (Hieronym. cat. 97).
“ In this year” (Bartol. Borghesi, and Sm. b. d.), Pasiphilus praefect of the city; probably the
person to whom Palladius dedicates his fourteenth book on agriculture. — Palladius is mentioned by
Isidorus Hispalensis, and Cassiodorus.
Cratægus monogyna of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ trikokkia” or “ tzap-
burnia ” (Sibth.) ; and the S p I N U S of Palladius iii. 25 on which pears and apples can be grafted,
— m aybe compared: C. monogyna is termed “ m. apii folio sylvestris spinosa sive oxyacantha ” by
Tournefort mst. 642; is known to grow in middle Europe (Jacq. austr., ii. Dan. pl. 1161, and Sibth.
oxon. 156) but chiefly in the South (P ers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus
and on Zacynthus, often with pears or plums grafted on the stem ; is known to grow also
towards Caucasus (Pall. fi. ross. i. pi. 12); but is regarded by Bory as not distinct from C.
oxyacantha.
“ 356 A. D .” (Athan., and C lint), by Constantius II., Athanasius exiled and Georgius of Cappadocia
appointed bishop of Alexandria. Athanasius now retired into the Desert.
“ 357, April 30th ” (Ammian., and Clint.), arrival in Rome of Constantius II. And by his direction,
an obelisk (now called “ the Lateran obelisk ”) brought there in the same year from Egypt.
^ “ 358, A ugust” (Ammian., Idat., and Clint.), by a severe earthquake, Nicomedia overthrown, and
“ one hundred and fifty” other cities, in Macedonia, Asia Minor, and Pontus, more or less injured.-
“ 359 A. D .” (Ammian., and Clint.), the historian Ammianus Marcellinus at Samosata in Mesopotamia;
and his mission to the satrap of Corduene.
Rheum palmatum of Eastern Thibet and its mountainous prolongation into China. The rhubarb
oi commerce is called in Bengalee “ reuchini,” in Plindustanee “ rewand” or “ rewand chini ”
(D ’roz.), and is mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus — (according to voyag. B elg.) ; the “ rheum
barbarum” of Isidorus Hispalensis viii. 3 and xvii. 9, and Nicolaus Myrepsus 1. 21. 155, is referred
here by Sprengel; the “ rheum indicum” or “ chinense” is mentioned by'Matthaeus Sylvaticus
pand. 589, and other medieval writers (Spreng.); the “ rawand,” by Rhazes, Mesue simpl,, Averrhoes,
and Ebn Baitar: rhubarb was seen by Rubruquis in Central Asia, brought by caravans
(Pouchet) ; by Marco Polo, procured from Succur in Tanguth (Royle) ; by Vertoman or Barthema,
sold in Korasan; and according to Rehman, the trade is in the hands of one Bucharian family, who
farm the monopoly from the Chinese government and reside at Si-ning. The living plant is known
to grow in clefts of rocks on the high and arid mountains around lake Kokonor, and the Sue-chan
or snowy mountains in the Chinese provinces of Kansu and Letchuen (Royle ill. Plim.). Of all the
kinds seen by Guibourt under cultivation, R. palmatum alone resemlfied exactly in odour and smell
the rhubarb of China; is even according to Stevenson and Churchill “ extensively cultivated near
Banbury for the supply of the London market ” (Lindl.).
“ 360 A. D .” (Ammian., and Clint.), Julian passing the winter in Paris ; and Ltipicinus sênt into
Britain to repel an invasion of the Scots and Piets. Death of Helena wife of Julian.
Calendula officinalis of Eastern Asia. Called in Britain utarigold, by Treveris “ mary gowles,”
by old English poets “ gold e” (PriorJ), in Anglo-Saxon glossaries “ solsequa ” (Cockayne), itlrra n ée
“ sou ci” (N ugent), in Germany “ ringelblume ” (Grieb), at Constantinople “ hamouvuôrëta,” in
Yemen “ zobejde ” (Forsk.), in Hindustanee “ gul-i-mariyam ” or “ phirki ” or “ genda,” in Bengalee
“ genda phul” (D ’roz.), in Burmah “ htat-ta-ya ” (Mason), at Lahore “ adsrioon ” (Honigb. 379, and
J. F. W ats.), by the Ainos “ urajenekina,” by the Japanese “ kin-sen-kwa ” (Sieb.) ; an d Îh e C H R Ll
S a, NTH US of the Culex 404 — (attributed to Virgil), m ayb e compared: “ winking marybuds ”
with “ golden e y e s” and the “ marigold” are mentioned by Shakespeare cymb. ii. 3 and w. t. iv. 3,
and the garden flower according to Persoon, and Lindley, springs up spontaneously in cultivated
ground in Southern Europe. Eastward, the “ adsriun” is mentioned by Ebn Baitar: C. officinalis
was observed by Forskal under cultivation at Constantinople and on the mountains of Yemen ; by
Delile, in the gardens of Egypt ; by Graham; “ in gardens ” at Bombay ; by Mason, “ exotic ” in
Burmah ; and by Siebold, on Yeso. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America
before 1670 (Joss.), where it continues in gardens. Formerly according to Lmdley “ much employed
as a carminative, it is chiefly used now to adulterate saffron.”
“ At this tim e” (Hieronym., and Clint.), “ in the name of peace and the king,” the Arians in
communion with all Christian churches,.
“ 361, N ovem ber” (Hieronym., and Clint), Constantius II. succeeded by Julian, now forty-fifth
Roman emperor. Ancient Heathenism once more and for the last time becoming the religion of the
State. Julian however tolerated all religions.
OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S. 5 5 1
“ 362 A. D. = ‘ loung-ho,’ ist year of Ngai-ti, of the T cin ” or Ninth dynasty — (Chinese chron.
table).
The four great festivals of Greece, the Olympic, Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean games, continued
to be celebrated. “ About midsummer,” arrival of Julian at Antioch : where a temple of
Apollo was soon afterwards destroyed by fire.
Aetius recalled, under a general remission of exile to all Sects of Christians. Titus bisliop of
Bostra, was however banished ; and at Alexandria, Georgius was slain by the populace, and Athanasius
returning was driven back by order of Julian.
Hardly later than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Tapovati reigning in
Hindustan.
“ 363 A. D .” (Ammian., and Clint.), edict of Julian on his way to the Euphrates, providing for
rebuilding the temple at Jerusalem. Building operations were soon arrested by the emperor’s death ;
in battle “ June 26th,” his physician Oribasius being present (Sm. b. d.).
Myosurus minimus of Northern climates. A diminutive herb called in Britain mouse-tail
(Prior) : the rri U 0 U PO N prescribed against dropsy by Oribasius excerpt. 52 — (Daremb.), may be
compared : M. minimus was observed by Sibthorp in cultivated ground around Constantinople.
Westward, is described by Lonicer (Spreng.) ; is termed “ ranunculus gramíneo folio flore caudato
seminibus in capitulum spicatum congestis ” by Tournefort inst. 293 ; and is known to grow throughout
middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 406). Farther West, was observed by Elliott at
Augusta in Georgia (Chapm.); by Short in Kentucky (there and in Illinois in “ alluvial ground”
according to A. Gray) ; by Nuttall, “ around towns ” in Arkansas ; and by myself, frequent and to
all appearance indigenous along the shores of Puget Sound. “ M. aristatus” has been observed on
the high hills of California and Chili, ancl in New Zealand (J. D. Hook, and A. Dec.).
Lobelia tenella oi the East Mediterranean countries. The QTTOION by some called X Q m O I-
P£<l>aNON prescribed against dropsy by Oribasius excerpt. 5 2— (Daremb.), may be compared: L,
tenella is termed “ rapuntium creticum minimum bellidis folio flore maculato ” by Tournefort inst. 9;
and was observed by Sibthorp in “ uliginosis ” on Crete and Cyprus. Westward, was observed by
Bivona as far perhaps as Sicily (Steud. . Compare also Campanula rapunculus).
Styrax benzoin of the Siamese countries and neighbouring Malayan archipelago. A tree whose
imported product is called in commerce benzoin, in Egypt “ djaui ” (Forsk ) ; and the I N À h adhesive
plaster of Oribasius exc. 143, — m aybe compared: benzoin is mentioned by Susrutas sutr. 36 to
chik. 15 (according to Hessler); and “ in former years ” constituted “ a considerable article of export ”
from “ the province of Mergui ” in Burmah, “ produced by a tree” not seen by Mason v. 486: S.
benzoin is described by Houttuyn act. harl. xxi. 257 ; is known to grow in Siam, Sumatra, Java, and
Borneo (Dryand. phil. trans. Ixxvii. pl. 12, and Hayne), Westward, “ benzoæ ” was found by Forskal
mat. med. imported from India into Egypt; was an ingredient in the “ bachur” ointment of the
Muslim population of Portugal and Spain (Jao de Sousa); and is mentioned by Araatus Lusitanus :
is according to Lindley resinous and acrid, “ a local irritant,” employed in Europe in certain popular
medicines and “ in coating over the adhesive plaster called court plaster." According however to
Bontius, benzoin of the best quality is procured from an arborescent vine growing on Java. (See
Terminalia angustifolia).
Iris tuberosa of the East Mediterranean countries. The root called in Egypt “ chamire” or
“ surendjan ; ” in which we recognize the “ surandschan ” identified by Serapion, and Mesue, with the
£ Pm O Aa KTU Aoc of Oribasius, — Alexander Trallianus, Paulus Aegineta, and Nicolaus Myrepsus
: the “ surandschan ” is also mentioned by Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar ; the root, according to
Alpinus, and Rouyer drog., is esteemed indispensable and eaten by the women of Egypt ; and according
to Forskal mat. med., is besides made into pills, is brought from ‘‘ Alexandria and Barbary and
exported to Constantinople,” but according to Rouyer is imported “ from Syria.” Farther North, I.
tuberosa was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in Southern Greece. We.stward, is clescribed by
Matthioli p. 778, Dodoens p. 249, and Cæsalpinus x. 45 ; is termed “ hermodactylus folio quadrangulo
” by Tournefort cor. 50 ; was once cultivated as a medicinal plant throughout Europe as far
North as Britain, and in various localities remains growing spontaneously to the present day (Rob.,
Wats., and A. Dec.).
Scolopendrium hemionitis oi Western Europe? The H m lO N IT IN called TTPIONITIN prescribed
in nephritic complaints by Oribasius excerpt. 63 — (Daremb.), may be compared with this
fern ; S. hemionitis i.s described by Dodoens p. 467, and Clusius hist. ii. p. 214 (Spreng.) ; is known
to grow in various parts of Europe, but has not.been observed in Greece. (Compare also Ceterach
officinarum).
Aspidium fou tm iim of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A diminutive fern: the
BPUOTTTSPIC prescribed by Oribasius xi — (Dod. pempt. iii. 5. 4), may be compared: A. fonta-
num is termed “ filicula saxatilis omnium minima elegantissima ” by Tournefort inst. 542; was
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