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354 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
maple, in Anglo-Saxon “ mapel-treow ” or “ mapulder,” by Galfridus pr. pm. “ mapulle,” in Germany
“ massholder,” in old high German “ mazel-dera” (Prior), in Italy “ oppio ” or “ loppo ” or “ a ce ro ”
(Lenz ); and the second kind of C <I> E N A A M N 0 Y, rare according to Theophrastus iii. n . t and
called Z Y r I A, its wood yellow soft and OYAON curled in fibre, — is referred here by writers ; A.
campestre was observed by Forskal, Sibtliorp, and Fraas, from the mountains of the Peloponnesus
to Constantinople; by CIot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt. Westward, the “ a c e r ” prized for its
variegated wood is mentioned by Ovid ; that with spots resembling a peacock’s tail produced according
to Pliny xvi. 26 chiefiy in Istria and Rhaetia : A. campestre is termed “ a. campestre et minus”
by Tournefort inst. 615; was observed by Lenz in Italy; and is known to grow wild throughout
middle Europe (Pers.) ; drinking-bowls made of the knotty parts of its wood are called in medieval
Latin “ scj'plii maserini,” in old high German “ masar” (Prior).
Acer platanoides oi Europe and tire adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy “ acero plata-
noide” or “ acero riccio ” (Lenz); and the Ci 'ENAAMNOC; AFPIA useless for timber according
to Theophrastus, — may be compared: A. platanoides was observed by Fraas in Greece ; b)' CIot-
Bey in the gardens of Egypt. Westward, “ nuper vile fuistis a c e r ” according to Ovid elog. i. n ;
and the “ viliore genere ” called “ crassivenium ” is distinguished by Pliny xvi. 26: A. platanoides
is known to grow wild in Italy and in the mountain forest of middle Europe (Duham. pl. 10, Pers.,
Lenz, and Daub.), is besides planted for ornament. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast
America, where it continues “ occasionally planted” (A. Gray).
Staphyleapinnata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain bladder-iiut
(Prior), in Germany “ pimpernuss ” (Grieb), in Italy “ pistacchio fa ls o ” (Lenz) ; and the CH MYAA
of Theoplirastus iii. 14. 4 to v. 7. 7, having leaves like those of f lEPCIKH : KAPYA but a little
narrower, and wood suitable only for staffs, — may be compared : S. pinnata was observed by Sibthorp,
and Fraas, from mount Pindus to the environs of Smyrna. Westward, the “ staphylodendron ”
of Pliny xvi. 27, a tree growing beyond the Alps and bearing pods that contain a nut tasting like
filberts, is referred here by writers : S. pinnata is termed “ staphylodendron” by Tournefort inst. 6i6;
was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia; by Lenz, in North Italy ; and is known to grow throughout
middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers,, and Engl. bot. pl. 1560).
. Rhamnus infectorius of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ lathzihSri” or “ apSi-
liras ” (Sibth.) ; and the «klAYPEA : At l ' tYAAOC enumerated among wild trees by Theophrastus
i. 9. 3, — large as the “ kuprb ” according to Dioscorides and growing in rugged places, its fruit
“ shin6 ’’-like black sweetish and in clusters, leaves astringent and like those of the olive but broader,
maybe compared: the “ philurSa” is mentioned also by Paulus Aegineta; and the “ hudhudh” by
Ebn B a ita r: R. infectorius was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Eraas, frequent in rough and
stony situations in Southern Greece, the unripe berries dyeing Morocco leather yellow and exported
in large quantities. Westward, R. infectorius is described by Clusius i. p. i n ; is termed “ r. cathar-
ticus minor” by Tournefort inst. 593; was observed by Lenz in Italy; is known to grow also in
Carniolia, Spain, and Southern France (Scop., and Pers.). The dried fruit according to Lindley “ is
purgative,” and is called in commerce French berries or “ graines d’Avignon,”
Euphorbia myrsinites oi the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ galazitha” (Sibth.) ;
and the T I 0 YM A A A O C : A E Y K O C called M Y P T I T H C according to Theophrastus ix. 11. 9 to
cau.s. iv. 6. 9, growing in mountainous situations, its leaves myrtle-like but prickly at the apex,
suckers flowering in alternate years and fruit called KAPY ON, — mentioned also by Micion, and
Cratevas (schol. Nic. ther. 617), is referred here by writers: the “ tithumalos murtilcs ” according
to Dioscorides resembles the “ thaphnoiitliii ” and is whitish in aspect, its leaves larger than
in the myrtle with the apex pointed, is by some called “ mursiniten ” or “ karuiten : ” E. myrsinites
was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent on mountains from the Peloponnesus and
Parnassus to Cyprus. Westward, the account by Pliny xxvi. 40 of the “ tithymali myrsiniten ” or
“ caryiten” seems taken from the Greek, and follows second in order as in Dioscorides: E. niyrsi-
nites is termed “ tithymalus myrsinites latifolius” by Tournefort inst. 86; and is known to grow in
Italy and Southern France (Sauv. monsp. 51, Pers., Spreng., and Lenz).
Mercurialisperennis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain dog's cole
or dog's mercury (Prior), in Germany “ bingelkraut” (Grieb); and the <I>YAAON of two kinds
according to Theophrastus ix. 18. 5, the fruit of the APPENOFONOY being double, aud tliat of tlie
0HAYFONOY like olive budding, — mentioned also by Cratevas, and Dioscorides, is referred liere
by writers : M. perennis was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in woods from the Peloponnesus
to Constantinople. Westward, the account, of the “ phyllon” and “ thelygonon ” by I’liny
xxvi. 91 to xxvii. too seems chiefiy taken from the Greek: M. perennis is described in Gerarde em.
333 ; is termed -‘ m. montana testiculata et spicata” by Tournefort in.st. 534 ; was observed by Gussone
near Naples, and is known to grow tliroughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 400,
and Pers.). Is “ very poisonous” according to Lindley, instances “ of the fatal consequences of its
use ” are mentioned by Sloane, and Smith.
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 3 5 5
Spartium scorpius of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ aphanna ” (Sibth.) ; and
the C K 0 P Fl IOC, one of the two plants known to Theophrastus vi. i. 3 to 4. 2 as having thorns in
place of leaves, its flowers developing below the pointed apex, — is referred here by Linnæus : S.
scorpius was observed by Sibthorp on the mountains of Greece and the Greek islands ; is known to
be frequent al.so in Asia Minor (Spreng.). Westward, the account by Pliny xxi. 54 of the “ in totum
spina Scorpio ” seems taken from Theophrastus : S. scorpius was observed by Anguillara p. 63 on
Corsica (Spreng.) ; is described also by Lobel ii. pl. 94; is termed “ genista-spartium spinosum majus
primum flore luteo ” by Tournefort inst. 645, “ frutex totus ex spinis alternis quibus flor. insident” by
Linnæus ; is known to grow in Southern France and as far as Spain (Pers.).
Colutea arborescens of the Mediterranean countries. The bladder senna is a large loose-branciied
shrub called in France “ baguenaudier ” (Fée), in Germany “ blasenbaum ” (Grieb), in Greece
“ phSuska” (Fraas) ; and the KOAYTEA of Theophrastus iii. 14. 4, a leguminous tree with willowlike
foliage and small seeds in broad pods, — is referred here by Robertus Constantinus and writers
generally : Ci arborescens was observed by him, probably on Crete ; by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and
Fraas, in thickets and rugged places from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna. Westward, is termed “ c.
vesicaria ” by Tournefort inst. 649 ; is known to grow from Italy to the Pyrenees, and in limestone
districts as far as Ratisbon and Lorraine in middle Europe (Roth, Pers., Mohl, and A, Dec.). The
leaves according to Lindley are “ purgative, used for adulterating senna.”
Cytisus laburnum of Switzerland. Called in English gardens laburnum (Prior), in France
“ aubour” (A. Dec.), in Italy “ mazi” or “ egano” or “ eghelo ” (Lenz), by Crescenzio “ avornus ”
(Spreng.); and the KOAOYTEA around Lipara, a cultivated tree according to Theophrastus iii.
17. 2, in three years yielding a staff, and when cut off perishing witliout giving out suckers, its leaves
like those of T H A E I, pod fattening sheep, — is referred here by writers : C. laburnum was observed
by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople and Smyrna. Westward, tiie “ laburnum ” is described by
Pliny xvi. 31 as a tree growing in dry situations on the Alps, its wood hard and white, flower (-raceme)
a cubit long avoided by bees : C. laburnum is described by Haller helv. 360 ; is known to grow wild
in Switzerland and North Italy (Jacq. austr. pl. 306, Pers., and Lenz) ; and is besides cultivated
throughout Europe. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to
be planted for ornament. Its seeds according to Lindley are “ highly poisonous, possessing narcotico-
acrid properties.”
Planera abelicea of Crete. The K 0 A 0 I T I A N tree of Theophrastus iii. 17. 3, growing on mount
Ida, rare and said to produce neither flowers nor fruit, its leaves rounder than those of laurel, elmlike
and many-nerved beneath, — may be compared : P. abelicea is termed “ abelicea di Cand ia” by
Pona bald. pl. 112, “ pseudosantalum Creticum” by C Bauhin pin. 393 ; and was observed by Sibthorp
on Crete.
Lupinus angustifolius o i the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ agriö lupouni” or
“ loupini” (Sibth.), in Egypt “ termis el sjæitan ” Satan’s lupine (F o r s k .) ; in which we recognize
the 0 EPMOC becoming according to Theophrastus viii. i. 3 to 11. 8 and caus. iv. i. 7 QCFIEP:
AFP IOC and altogether AFIEFITON unconcocted, — and the “ thërmôs a g riô s ” of Dioscorides:
L. angustifolius was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding from the Peloponnesus
tliroughout tlie Greek i.slands; by Forskal, and Delile, a weed in Egypt among crops of cultivated
lupine. Westward, the “ thërmôs agriös” is'identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ löupinöum agrëstëm”
of the Romans: L. angustifolius is termed “ 1. angustifolius cæruleus e latio r ” by Tournefort inst.
392; and is known to occur in grain-fields at Messana and as far as Spain (Knorr ii. pl. 50, and
Pers.).
Lathyrus amphicarpos of the East Mediterranean countries. The APAXIANA producing fruit
■under ground according to Theophrastus i. i. 7 to 6. 12, — is referred here by writers : L. amphicarpus
was observed by Sibthorp on Rhodes and Cyprus ; is known to grow also in Syria (Pers.).
As cultivated in Britain, is termed “ 1. amphikarpos seu supra infraque terram siliquas gerens nobis ”
by Morison ii. 2. pl. 23. (The account of the “ arachidna ” by Pliny xxi. 52 seems taken from Theophrastus.)
Vicia amphicarpos of the Mediterranean countries. The APAKÛAEC according to Theophrastus
i. 6. 12 also producing fruit on its roots as well as above, otherwise resembling the APAKQ, — is
referred here by Clu.sius, and Sprengel : 'V. amphicarpos was observed by Gittard on the plain of Nisi
in the Peloponnesus (Chaub.). Westward, is described by Clusius exot. pl. 88 ; was observed by
Gouan herboris. 48 in Southern France, and according to Persoon has subterranean fruit. (The
account of tlie “ aracos ” by Pliny xxi. 52 seems taken from Theophrastus.)
Vida luthyroides of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain strangle-tare
(I’ rior); in which rve recognize the O P 0 B A F X H overcoming 0 P O B Q N according to Theophrastus
viii. 8.4; — V. lathyroides is termed “ ervum Soloniense ” by Linnæus ; was observed by Sibthorp
from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor, and in cultivated ground on Cyprus. Westward, the “ oro-
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