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710 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
“ pompions” were seen by Columbus in 1493 on Guadalupe (F. Columb. 47) : “ melones” too large
for a man to lift, some of them internally yellow, by Oviedo nat. hyst. 80 in the West Indies ; and a
furrowed variety resembling a huge muskmelon, by myself in Peru : C. maxima was observed by
De Soto in 1542 in f'lorida ; and is known to have been cultivated by the North American tribes as
far as the St. Lawrence. By European colonists, was carried Westward across the Pacific to the
Philippines, called there in Tagalo “ calabasang bilog,” and termed “ c. sulcata” by Blanco ; to the
neighbouring islands (Rumph. v. pl, 145) ; to Anam and China, widely cultivated (Lour.) ; to Burmah,
called there “ shwæ-pha-yung” (Mason); lo Hindustan, observed by Rheede viii. pi. 2 in Malabar, by
Roxburgh, Wight, Graham, and Drury, cultivated throughout. Transported to Europe, is termed
“ pepo rotundus major” by Dodoens 666, “ pepo maximus indicus compressus” by Lobel pl. 641 ; is
described also by Matthioli pl., and Bauhin hist. ii. 219; was observed by Chaubard in Greece; by'
I'orskal, and Delile, in Egypt, called there “ kara estombouli ” gourd of Constantinople ; is known to
be cultivated in Abyssinia under an Arabic name “ doubba ” (A. Rich., and A. Dec.) ; was observed
by Grant in central Africa, from “ 5° S. to 2° N.” on the Nile: and later perhaps than the visit of
Forster, was carried to the islands of the Pacific ; observed by myself, the Peruvian variety on Taheiti,
and the North American on the Feejeean Islands and New Zealand.
Chenopodiuni ambrosioides of our Southern and Gulf States, An herb called in Mexican “ epazolt”
(Span, transl. Linn., and Blanco), and cultivated from early times : — a kind of " atriplex ” four or five
feet high was found by Hariot in 15S4 cultivated on the Roanoke, and the only salt used by the natives
procured from its stem, its seeds besides making good pottage, and leaves cooked by his own party
for greens (De Bry i ) : C. ambrosioides was observed by Nuttall on the Arkansas ; but farther East
has the aspect of an introduced weed, occurring in waste places and around dwellings in our Southern
and Middle States as far as Philadelphia. By European colonists, was carried Westward across the
Pacific to the Philippines, its Mexican name becoming “ apasotis” in Tagalo, Bisaya, and Pampango,
and the plant cooked and eaten by the natives and employed medicinally ; to Japan, observed by
Thunberg around Nagasaki, but no native name given; to Hindustan, where it has acquired native
names (Pidd.). Transported to Europe “ in 1619” from Mexican seed, is termed “ botrys ambrosioides
mexicana” by C. Bauhin pin. 138 ; was observed by Barrelier pl. 1185, and Brotero, seemingly
wild in Portugal ; by Ray hist. i. 96, Bonamy 26, Koch, and others, naturalized from Algeria to middle
Europe (k . Dec.) ; was called at Verona in 1745 “ thé allemand,” because drank in infusion by the
Germans (Seguier fl. i. 90) ; was observed by Chaubard around Mistra in the Peloponnesus ; by
Forskal, around Constantinople : by European colonists also was carried to the Azores and Canaries ;
to. St. Helena by Burchell (A. Dec.); to Western Equatorial and Austral Africa (Benth. fl. nigr., and
Moq ) ; and to the Mauritius Islands, where it has become naturalized (Boj.). “ C. anthelminticum”
ox American wormseed, regarded by A. Gray as not distinct, is known to occur also in waste places
from Florida to Philadelphia and Kentucky (Chapm., Pursh, and Short), and according to Elliot is
indigenous.
“ I i6 i A. D, = 1st year of the ‘ ta-ting ’ of Chi-tsoung of the Kin,” ruler of Northern China.
“ The same year (= 557 Hej.,’’ Pall. trav. i. 192), date of an Armenian inscription in the cemetery
among the ruins of Bolgari on the Lower Volga, the ancient capital of Bulgaria,
“ 1162, May 26th ” (Nicol.), election, in a synod at Westminster, of Thomas-a-Becket as archbishop
of Canterbury.
“ Tlie same year” (Blair), Milan destroyed by the German emperor Fredericus Barbarossa. The
churches only left standing.
“ 1163 A. D. = ‘ loung-king,’ ist year of Hiao-tsoung, of the Soung” or Twenty-first dynasty —
(Chinese chron. table).
“ fields and waste places, Florida and Northward ; ” and known to occur in “ waste places ” as far as
Pennsylvania and Ohio (A. Gray). By European colonists was carried Westward across the Pacific
to the Philippines, where it has become abundant throughout, and is called in Tagalo “ quilites”
(an American word according to Blanco), in Bisaya “ calites ” or “ tilites ” or “ orayi ” or “ harum ” or
“ rayang bayang,” in Pampango “ ayantoto,” in Ylocano “ cuanton ; ” to the neighbouring islands
(Rumph. V . pl. 83, and A. Dec.) ; to Burmah, called there “ hen-ka-nway,” a “ common weed in some
parts,” eaten as “ a potherb ” by the natives (Mason v. 472); to Hindustan, devoid of a Sanscrit name
(Roxb., and Pidd ), but called in Bengalee “ kanta-mari,” in Tamil “ mulluk-kirai,” in Malabar “ miil-
lan-chira,” in Telinga “ mundla-tota-kura ” or “ nalla-cloggali,” and known to occur from Bengal to
'Malabar (Drur.), observed by Graham as far as Bombay, “ a common weed among rubbish during
the rainy season,” by Moon, on Ceylon. Transported to Europe, is described by Hermann hort.
Lugd. 33 (Spreng.) : by European colonists also, was carried to Western Equatorial Africa (Webb,
and Benth. fl. nigr. 173 to 492) ; to the Mauritius Islands, according to Bojer only naturalized; and
by French colonists, is called “ bréde de Malabar” (A. Dec.).
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 711
“ May 19th” (Nicol.), a synod at Tours. “ Against the Manichæans or Albigenses, and on discipline.”
Monks were forbidden to read writings on physical science (Humb. cosm. i!.).
“ After six or seven years” (G. de la Vega iii. 18), the Inca Capac Yupanqui sending an army
Northward, under his son Rocca, and “ eighteen leagues from Cuzco” they reached the valley of
Amancay.*
“ 1164, Jan. 25th” (Nicol ), a synod and “ assembly of all the realm” at Clarendon. The archbishop
of Canterbury with the other bishops “ promised to observe the royal customs, but subsequently
declined to subscribe to them.” King Henry II. in consequence, delivered over the priests accused
of theft, homicide, and other crimes, to the secular power.
“ The same year (= 1220 samvat,” Colebrooke as. res. vii. p. 175), date of an inscription by raja
Vigraha on the column projecting above a stone building at Delhi, Lacshana Pala, a'Rajaputra, being
prime minister.
The Sanscrit poet Jayadevas. born according to his own account at Cenduli, about this time writing)
(see Lassen proleg. p. v) ; he mentions as cotemporary poets Umapatidharas, Caranas, Govard-
hana, and Dhoyin : and was earlier — than Kalidasa according to the Hindus (W. Jones).
“ In or about this year ” (T. Wright early trav. Palest.), arrival in Bagdad of Benjamin de Tudela ;
the first traveller from Western Europe known to have penetrated beyond Palestine and Syria. He
found in Bagdad extensive buildings and “ medical warehouses ” for the care of the sick poor, also a
hospital for the insane ; and obtained information respecting Tartary, Thibet, Hindus-,an, Ceylon, and
the passage by sea to China. Returning Westward, he found independent Jews at Aden, possessing
“ cities and fortresses on the summits of the mountains ” (the walls so conspicuous there at the present
day), and making incursions into “ Maatum also called Nubia.” — Continuing up the Red Sea, he
reached Assuan on the Nile, and after an absence of three or four years descended the river. Next
proceeding to Constantinople, he describes the Greeks as luxurious and unwarlike, hiring “ soldiers of
all nations whom they call ‘barbarians’ for the purpose of carrying on their wars with the sultan of
the Thogarmin, who are called Turks.” He further states, that the Slavonians and Russians “ sell
their children to all nations.”
‘-1165 A. D. (= the year ‘ ye'i-man ’ of the dairo Ni-sio,” San-kokf transl. Klapr.), under investiture
from China, the Second or Tsiou-san dynasty ruling the Loo Choo Islands, arrival there of Tame-
tonio from Japan. He married the younger sister of the an-zi of Dai-ri (Ta-li) or king; — and after
the birth of his son Soun-ten-o “ in 1167,” returned to Japan ; where he was followed by his wife and
child.“
1166 A. D.” (Nicol.), a synod in London. An appeal was made to the pope by the bishops of
England, “ Against the legation and the sentences of the archbishop of Canterbury, then a refugee in
France.”
“ April nth” (Nicol.), a synod at Constantinople. “ Concerning marriage.”
“ The same year” (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Nidsioo or Ni-sio succeeded by his son Roku-
dsioo, now seventy-ninth dairo of Japan.
One hundred and sixty-fourth generation. Sept. ist, 1167, onward mostly beyond youth: the
Jewish writers, Joseph Kimchi, Mainibnides, and Petachja: the Arab writer Ebn Alwam: the Greek
writers, Eustathius of Thessalonica d. after 1200, Neophytus d. after 1190, Xiphilinus d. 1199, Joel d.
after 1200: Theorianus, Hugo Etlierianus, Arnoldus Carnotensis, Joachimus : the scholastic theologian
Petrus Comestor: the Icelandic poet and historian Sæmund.
“ The same year” (Alst), “Indulgences" remitting sin, mentioned as “ pias fraudes” by Petrus
Cantor of France. (The beginning of the contest between the Bible and a visible church).
* Ismcnc amancaes of Western Peru. The amancaes lily ; from its abundance giving its name
to the valley in question, — and fully described by G. de la Vega iv. 15 : I. amancaes was observed by
myself in a w'ell-known ravine near Lima.
t Guatteria Corinti of Tropical Hindustan. A climbing shrub allied to the species called in the
environs of Bombay “ asoca” (Graham), and W. Jones as. res. iv. 275 was informed “ that one species
of the asoca is a creeper;” the voluble “ asoca” of Jayadevas, — may be compared: G. Corinti was
observed by Rheede v. pl. 14 in Malabar ; by Ninimo, and Graham, in ‘'the hilly parts of the Concans
; ” by Wight, in other parts of the peninsula.
Dalbergia scandens of Tropical Hindustan. A beautiful scandent shrub (Graham) ; and the bower
of bloomy and elegant “ vanjula” plants interweaving tlieir branches, described by Jayadevas, — may
be compared (the “ vanjul.i” of Susrutas chik. 19 to Kalp. 7 being referred by Hessler to an allied
species): D. scandens was observecl by Rheede vi. pi. 22 in Malabar; by Graham, having “ long
drooping racemes of light rose-colourecf flowers” and “ well adapted for covering trellises,” common
“ throughout the jungly tracts of the Concan,” and according lo Gibson ‘‘ in the Mawul districts ; ” by
Roxburgh cor. pl. 19, and Wight, as far as Coromandel.
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