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rK Z e LK of Hildegarde ii, 174 —is referred here by Sprengel; the “ cronesanke ” of gloss. Harl.
978, is referred here by Cockayne ; and the “ persicaria” with a fuscous spot in the middle of the
leaf is mentioned in Ortus Sanitatis 379: P. persicaria is described by Ruellius, Fuchsius, Lacuna,
Dodoens, Lobel, and Gerarde ; is termed “ persicaria mitis maculosa et non maculosa ” by Tournefort
inst. 509; and is known to occur throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (fl. Dan,
pl. 702, Pers., and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, frequent in moist
places ’in Crete and around Constantinople ; by Forskal, and Delile, at Alexandria and Rosetta on
the Mediterranean border of Egypt; and is known to occur in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Bieb.),
By European colonists, was carri'ed to Iceland (Hook.) ; and prior to 1547, the “ persicaria” or “ herba
maculata ” to the West Indies (Ovied. gen. hist. xi. 2); thence perhaps to Florida (Chapm.) and
throughout our Atlantic States, where it has become naturalized ; was observed by Short in Kentucky?
by Drummond, at Cumberland House in Central North America; and by myself, accompanying
the introduction of cultivation at the Kooskoosky mission-station in Oregon ; was also carried to
Southeast Australia (Corder, and A. Dec.).
Cicuta virosa of Subarctic Climates. Called in Britain cowbane or water-hemlock (Prior) : the
C I C U L K of Hildegarde ii. 159 — is referred here by Sprengel ; and the Anglo-Saxon “ brocthung ”
of gloss. Laud. 576, is referred here by Cockayne : C. virosa is termed “ sium alterum ” by Dodoens
589+5 described also by Thalius 33 (Spreng.); and is known to grow in Switzerland, and from France
throughout Northern Europe as far as Lapland (Blackw. pl. 574, Hall. fl. Dan. pl. 208, Pers., and
Wats.). Eastward, is knowm to grow in Siberia (Dec.). And farther East, in North America, in
the wooded country irom “ Lat. 64° to 54° ” (Hook ). The plant is a dangerous poison, causing
according to Christison “ true tetanic convulsions ” and death (Lindl.).
Erodium cicutarium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A stork's-bzll calleci m
Germany “ storcken schnabel ” (Trag.), in Greece “ kalôgëro ” (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the
s to r c k e n s c h nScbe L of Hildegarde ii. 160: — E. cicutarium is described by Tragus i. pl. 113;
is termed “ g. cicutæ folio minus et supinum ” by Tournefort inst 269, “ g. chaeropbyllum ” by Cava-
nilles iv. pl. 95; and is known to occur in waste and cultivated ground from Sweden and Russia
throughout Western Europe (Curt. lond. i. pl. 5b Pers., and Wats.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and
Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; by Delile, seemingly wild near
Cairo. By European colonists, was carried to Chili, where it has become naturalized (Plook., and
myself) ; to California, where it is called pin-grass or by the Spaniards “ alfileriUa,” and its stem
eaten (R. Brown jun.), has also become naturalized as far as the Great falls of the Columbia and the
Rocky mountains (Hook.) ; to Northeast America, observed by Knieskern on the “ shore of Oneida
Lake” (A. Gray).
In or about 114S A. D. (= 1648 — “ 500 yrs.” of Flacourt præf. and i. 16), Zaffe-Ramini or Zaffer-
Amini, from the region around Mecca, settling at the Southern extreme of M a d a g a s c a r ; — where
they continued to rule a province until conquered by the French.
Nymphæa Madagascarensis of Madagascar. A water-lily called “ tanfamou,” the root esculent
and well-flavoured, — and according to Flacourt i. 36 the flower “ violette ” This is doubtless the
beautiful species with dentate leaves observed by myself in the pool or pond near the city of Zanzibar.
By European colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated there (Boj., and Dec.
VoEdzeia subterránea of Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. An annual Leguminous plant,
called “ voua-hanzou ” in Madagascar, and cultivated there as early probably as this date: —observed
there by Flacourt, and Bojer; and the exported pods containing esculent beans known m
commerce as African groundnuts. By European colonists, the living plant carried to the Mauritius
Islands (Boj.) ; “ from Africa” to Brazil prior to 1658, under the name of “ mandobi ” and distinguished
by Piso pl. 256 from the Brazilian kind (A. Dec. geogr. bot. p. 964) ; and thence lo Surinam
(Linn. jun. dec. xxxvii. pl. 17, and Pers,).
Cerbera tanghin of Madagascar. A tree called “ voua-tanghine,” the kernel of the fruit not
lar»er than an almond but sufficient to destroy twenty persons, used in Madagascar as an ordeal,
hut" the practice is now discontinued (Lindl.) : the tree wa.s observed by Bojer everywhere m the
forest, but on the Eastern side of the island only. Carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivalea
there.’ But according to Lindley, “ it is very doubtful whether this is ” a distinct species from C.
^ ^ E ln a r iu m harami of Madagascar. A tree called “ harami,” — described by Flacourt i. £- 97
as very large, yielding the fragrant balsamic resin called tacamahaca which is employed medicinally,
and may even form a substitute for pitch; the timber besides suitable lor ship-building. By European
colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated there (Boj.).
Hydrogeton fenestralis of Madagascar. An aquatic perennial called “ ouvirandran,” the root as
large as the thumb, esculent, — and commended by Flacourt i. 36, 4 : observed by Bojer m rivers
and marshes around Tamatave and Ivoundrou. By European colonists, carried to the Mauritius
Islands and cultivated there.
Strychnos spinosa of Madagascar. A bush called “ voua-vountaka,” —the fruit according to
Flacourt i. 36. [3 as large as a quince, with a gourd-like shell full of large flat seeds resembling those
of nu.x-vomica and smaller, the juice and watery pulp agreeable when ripe : observed by Bojer on the
margin of the forest throughout the Eastern coast and in the plain at Foulepointe. By European
colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated there ; and from transported specimens,
described by Lamarck.
Agathophyllum aromaticum of Madagascar. A tree called “ ravlnsara ; ” — described by Flacourt
i. 36. 24 as taller than the European laurel, the fruit, leaves, and young bark having the taste
of cloves, and one of the best spices of the island, producing fruit only once in three years, when the
tree is cut down by the natives to save the trouble of climbing. By European colonists, carried to
the Mauritius Islands and cultivated there (Sonnerat, and Boj.) ; and from transported specimen.s.
described by Jussieu, and Gaertner.
Buddleia Madagascarensis of Madagascar. Called there “ seva,” — and described by Flacourt
i. 36. 98 as a shrub or small tree, the leaves brownish-green above, cottony and white beneath,
astringent and good to foment contusions and sprains, and boiled with “ vin de miel ” to stop diarrhcea.
By European colomsts, carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated in gardens (Boj.) ; to
Ceylon, observed by Gardner escaping from cultivation (A. Dec.). From transported specimens,
described by Vahl (Lam. pl. 69, and bot. mag. pl. 2824).
Terminalia fa im a of Madagascar. A small tree called “ voua-fatrd,” — described by Flacourt i.
36. 65 as yielding “ la litemente ou le benjoin ; ” observed by Bojer at Tamatave and Foulepointe.
By European colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated there : and from transported
specimens, described by Decandolle prodr.
Tirminalia badamia of Madagascar. A tree called “ hatafang,” — observed by Bojer along the
river Ivoundrou near Tamatave. By European colonists, carried to the Mauriiius Islands and very
generally cultivated : and from transported specimens, described by Decandolle prodr.
Alafia Thouai-sii of Madagascar. A shrubby Apocynaceous vine called “ voua-laffi.” — The
“ laffa” is described by flacourt i. 36. 120 as an “ arbre ” yielding very strong filaments, used by the
Negroes for making fishing-lines. By European colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated
there (Boj.).
Intsia Madagascarensis of Madagascar, the Seychelles, and Galega Island. A Leguminous
tree called in Madagascar “ intsi : ’’ — the “ marointsi ” is described by Flacourt i. 36. 148 as good
for stanching blood and stopping diarrhcea. I. Madagascarensis is described also by Petit-Thouars ;
by European colonists was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.) ; and from transported specimens,
is termed “ lamarindus intsia” by Sprengel.
Mithridatea tambourissa of Madagascar and the Comoro and Mauritius Islands. An evergreen
tree called in Madagascar “ ambora : ” — ihe “ tamboure cissa ” is described by Flacourt i. 36. 69 as
bearing apples that open in fours, the pulp full of seeds covered with a thick orange-coloured skin
that affords a dye like arnotto. M, tambourissa was observed also by Commerson ; by Bojer, throughout
Mauritius, in the dense and humid forest. From transported specimens, described by JussTeu
gen,, and Lamarck ill. pl. 784
Ampalis Madagascarensis of Madagascar. An Urticaceous tree called “ ampali,” —observed by
Bojer in the forest around Tamatave : the “ ampalatanghvari ” or “ fitourauen ” described by Flacourt
1. 36. 129 as a large tree with astringent leaves, may be compared. By European colonists, A. Madagascarensis
was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.); and from transported specimens, is described
by Jacquin rar. iii. pl. 617, and termed “ morus mauritiana” by Poiret.
A lpinia? magnifica of Madagascar. Al.so perennial and called “ longouze.” — By European
colonists carried to the Mauriiius Islands, where it was observed by Bojer under cultivation, and
besides growing spontaneously. From transported specimens, described by Roscoe scit.
Nepenthes Madagascarensis of Madagascar. The “ anramitaco ” — is described by Flacourt i.
36. 43 as two cubits high, having at the end of the leaves a sort of hollow flower covered with
a lid and containing water after rain, the plucking of this flower avoided by the natives and supposed
to induce rain. P'rom transported specimens, N. Madagascarensis is described by Poiret
(Steud.).
1149 A. D. = 1st year of the ‘ thian-te ’ of Tchou-liang, of the Kin,” ruler of Northern China
— (Chinese chron. table).
“ U49 to 1150 A. D.” ( . . . . ) , El-Hafez succeeded by Dhafer of the Fatimite dynasty, ninth
sultan of Egypt. A coin issued by Dhafer at Alexandria, is figured in Marcel p. 128.
“ 1150 A. D.” (Blair), the Civil law, for the first time after Justinian, restored in Germany by
Irnerius Wernerus.
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