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tioned in Esther i. 6 ; “ carbasina ” by Caecilius, Lucretius, Cicero, and Varrò ; the living plant was
introduced before the time of Strabo into Susiana, Egypt, and other Mediterranean countries (Plin.,
Ebn Alvam, and Schouw 22) ; and in the time of Pliny xi.x. 2. 3 the Egyptian priests wore cotton
garments : G. Indicum was observed by Tournefort, Forskal, and Chaubard, under cultivation in
Greece ; by myself, on Malta; by Forskal, Delile, and myself, in Egypt ; by myself, a few stocks in a
court-yard at Mocha ; and again a few, all in languishing condition, on Zanzibar. By European colonists,
was carried to Northeast America, where it continues extensively cultivated in our Southern
States, and by a peculiar process the “ sea-island ” modification has been developed ; to the islands
of the Pacific, observed by myself naturalized on the Hawaiian Islands. When carried North, is
annually killed by the winter frosts, but is not properly an herbaceous jrlant.
Citrus Sinensis of Tropical Eastern Asia. The mandarin orange is called in Tagalo “ naran-
gitas ” or “ sintoris” (Blanco), in Burmah “ shouk-lieng-mau ” (Mason), in Tamil “ kitchlee,” in Hindustanee
“ koda ” (Drury) ; and the orange mentioned in the Chou-King ii. i . I I as cultivated in the
province of Ying — (Pauth. p. 48) may be compared : C. Sinensis was observed by myself throughout
the Malayan archipelago, the only kind of orange (with a solitary exception at Manila) ; by
Mason v. p. 453 and 760, “ e x o tic ” in Burmah, distinguished by the natives and sold in large quantities.
Westward, “ naranga ” and “ nagaranga” are mentioned in the Ayurvedas (Susriit.): “ mela-
rancie assai ma tutte dolci ” were found by Vasco de Gama in 1498 in Hindustan : C. Sinensis was
observed by myself the only kind cultivated there from Bombay to Aurungabad ; and according to
Drury, “ is found in the Northern Circars ” where it is called “ cumbla nabla,” and “ is indigenous in
Silhet and on the slopes of the Neilgherry mountains.” Farther West, the “ round atrodj ” according
to Masudi (quoted by Makrizi) was brought “ from India subsequent to the three hundredth year
of the Hedjra” (gi2 A. D.) “ and first planted in Oman, and which lost in Syria and Egypt much of
its original odour and colour ; ” the “ limum mokhattam ” was seen by Abd-allatif in Egypt, of a
brigliter red than the narandj ” (C. aurant.) “ round and a little flattened, and as if impressed with a
s e a l” (at the ape.x); the “ limun hmlu,” by Forskal, and is described by Delile as “ fructu aurantii-
formi cortice Itevi medulla dulci : ” C. Sinensis was observed by myself in the imaum’s plantation on
Zanzibar; and as transported to the Mediterranean countries is termed “ aurantium dulci cortice si-
nense ” by Ferrari hesperid. pi. 433, is described also by Tournefort inst. pl. 390, and Miller (Pers.) ;
and var “ myrtifolia” has become frequent in Northern greenhouses. .
Citrus decumana of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called by European colonists shaddock or pum-
malo (Graham) or “ pampel-moes ” (Rumph.), in Tagalo “ lucban ” (Blanco) ; and the “ j'eou ” cultivated
in China according to the Chou-King ii, i. 11, — is referred here by Pauthier p. 48 : C.
decumana was observed by Loureiro p. 572 frequent in Anam and China, and from China according
to Rumphius ii. pl. 24 was introduced into the Malayan archipelago ; was observed by Blanco on the
Philippines; by myself, a large tree under cultivation from the Tongan and Feejeean islands throughout
the Malayan archipelago ; by Mason v. p. 452 “ exotic ” in Burmah and the fruit inferior in
quality. Westward, is exotic in Hindustan, as shown by the name “ batavi nimboo ” (Roxb., and
Drury): was observed there under cultivation by Wight, Graham, and myself; and farther West, by
myself on Zanzibar. The fruit has been sometimes carried up the Red Sea to Egypt, where “ lemons
large as water-melons ” were seen by Abd-allatif ; and the “ kabbad” by Ebn Ayyas, described as an
“ orange of extraordinary bigness ” by Vansleb ; also to Jerusalem, as appears from rabbi Schwarz ii.
I . B y Capt. Shaddock, seeds were carried to the West Indies before the visit of Sloane i. p. 41
(Pluk. aim. p. 239), and the tree continues under successful cultivation, as appears from Macfadyen
p. 131 (A. Dec.) and from fruit imported into the United States.
Aleurites triloba of the Eastern islands of the Malayan archipelago to the Samoan. The candle-
nnt is a large tree called on the Hawaiian and Taheitian islands “ tutui,” on Tongatabu “ tuitui,” on
the Marquesan islands “ ama ” and the Samoan “ lama” meaning torch or candle (Hale), in Tagalo
‘ lumban ” (Blanco) ; and the “ tong ” tree growing according to the Chou-King ii. i . 9 on the Southern
portion of the Y mountain — (in Kiang-nan), and according to Gaubil affording an oil esteemed
in China for its great utility, may be compared ; A. triloba was observed by Blanco frequent on the
Philippines, and the oil from its nuts sold by the natives ; by Rumphius ii. pl. 58, on the Moluccas
(Pers., and Steud.) by myself, to all appearance indigenous on the Feejeean and Samoan islands:
but clearly by Polynesian colonists carried to Tongatabu, where it was regularly cultivated by the
natives ; to Taheiti, where it was observed by Forster prod. 360, and has become naturalized throughout
the Interior; and to th e Hawaiian Islands, where the nuts were strung together for candles.
Westward from the Philippines, is called in Bengalee “ bangla-akrot,” in Telinga “ natu-akrotu,” in
Tamil “ nattu-akrotu ” (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay “ japhal ” (Graham) ; is known to occur on
Ceylon (Pers.), where its oil is called “ kekuna ” oil (Drur.) ; was observed by Roxburgh, and Drury,
from Bengal to the Northern Circars and Travancore ; by Graham, seemingly wild “ in the Southern
Mahratta country about Belgaum,” and planted “ in gardens Bombay ; ” by myself, only under cultivation
* By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where according to_ Bojer it
is almost naturalized; to Brazil, observed by myself planted for ornament around Rio Janeiro. Its
oil, exported at first by residents of the Hawaiian Islands, has now become generally known m com-
719 B. C. = is t year of Hing-wang, of the Tcheou ” or Fifth dynasty — (CMnese chron. table).
718 B. C. ( = 722 y. 233/5% d. — “ 6th year ” of twelve lunations, 2 K. xviii. 10), Samaria captured
by the Assyrians under Shalmaneser; terminating the kingdom of the Ten tribes. The conquered
Israelites were removed and placed “ in Halah and in Habor ” by “ the river of Gozan and
in the cities of the Medes.” — (The river Gozan is identified by Rennel geogr. Herod, with the Ozan,
flowing through Ghilan into the Caspian Sea). The account of the Colchians by Herodotus 11. 104
m a y be c om p a red , as a f fo rd in g at le a s t m an y p o in ts o f r e s em b la n c e . _ t y , ,
“ 717 B. C. = 3d year of Hing-wang” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Thirty-third cycle.
“ 716 B. C .” ( = 546 + “ 170 years of Herodotus, and Clint.), death of the Lydian king Candaules,
and accession of Gyges, head of a new dynasty. u a •
The luxurious costume and habits of his countrymen of Samos, descnbed in a poem by Asius^
Daphne argéntea of the Peloponnesus and Greek islands. Called on Samos “ sarômfflahi
(Tourn.), and used there for brooms and for procuring a yellow dye as early probably as the time ot
Asius • — observed and distinguished from D. tartonraira by Wheeler, and Tournefort trav. 11. 1 « ,
regarded also as a distinct species by Sibthorp and Smith ; termed “ thymelæa seu tartonraire lint
foliis argentéis ” by Tournefort cor. 41 as observed by him on Samos ; by Sibthorp, on Samos and
Salamis, but more abundant around Corinth.
715 B. C. ( = 759 — “ 44 y e a r s ” of the Egyptian Chronicle and Euseb.-Maneth.
table), Sëvihôs succeeded by Tarakos or Tarkos, third king of the Twenty-fifth
dynasty. He is mentioned in 2 K. xix. 9, and by Strabo i and xv. The name of
king Taharka occurs at Medinet-abu, also on mummy-cases, and in inscriptions as far
E2 up the Nile as Gebel Barkal in Upper Nubia.
The Second epoch in Nubian or Ethiopian history (according to Lejisius eg. and sin-p . 17 and
152) berins with Taharka: by whom and his immediate successors, magnificent but dings were
erected; all (it is inferred) in the Egyptian style of art. The oldest structures of real Ethwptan
workmanship are probably those at Gebel Barkal, and are “ perhaps not earlier than Taharka.
Ruta tuberculata of the Egyptian Desert. Called in Nubia “ geryg 0 .0 0 0 0 !
“ m e g e n n y n e h ” (D e l.) or “ m æ d d je n n in æ ” (Forsk.), in Egyptian mtorf or ftôtf (Kirch., and
ms Par ) and as early doubtless as this date the juice mixed m water by the women of Egypt to
wash the head and lengthen the hair, — as witnessed by Forskal p. 86; the plant was observed by
Forskal, ancl Delile, in the Desert around Cairo. • , ,,
“ yre B C.” (Euseb., and Clint.), at Athens, accession of Leocrates, fifth Decennial archon.
“ The same year ” (Mela i. 19, and Clint), on the Propontis, Astacus founded by Greek colonists
from Megara. — A t the end of “ four hundred and forty-eight years,” the name of the city was changed
^Zedicago a ’ borea of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ tnphfflioklatha ”
(Fraas); and the “ cytisus ” discovered on Cythnus and carried thence to other Greek islands and
the cities of G r e e c e - (P lin . xiii. 47 and xviii. 43), or “ ku tiso s” of Archilochus (schol Nic. ther. and
Gesn præf. T rag ), Cratinus, Eupolis, Democritus, Amphilochus, Aristomachus, 1 olemon d iæ t n.
25 I Morb. mul. 73, Antilochus (schol. Nic. ther. 617), Theocritus, mentioned by Aristotle 111. 21
as’ riven to cattle, by Dioscorides as planted near hives to attract the bees, is referred here by
Honorius Bellus. and writers generally : M. arbórea was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on rocks
in Attica and on the Greek islands. Westward, the “ kutisos ” or “ tëhnen ” or “ lôton mëgan or
“ triphullon ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ tripholioum maious ” of the Romans ; the
is mentioned by Virgil. Hyginus, Columella, but continued rare in Italy in the days of .H'ny; M.
arbórea is described by Maranta, and Lobel ii. pl. 46; is termed “ m. tnfolia frutescens incana by
Tournefort inst. 412; is known to occur in Italy (Pers., and Lenz), and has become frequent in other
parts of Southern Europe (Fée). , , . z tr ■■■
711 B. C. (= 710 y. 9//0 d- = 717 y- 287/1% d. - “ 14th y e a r ” of twelve lunattons of 2 E . xvm.
13), an Assyrian army under Sennacherib, traversing Palestine against rumoured ojiposit.on from
“ Tirhakah king of Ethiopia,” and threatening Jerusalem, destroyed in one night — (2 k . xix. 9 to 35,
and Herodot.). _________
* Bambusa arundinacea var. nana. The “ small bamboo" mentioned in the Chou-King 11. i 11
as “ rowing in the Southern provinces of China - (Pauth. p. 48) is probably this dwarf variety. Ac-
cordinv to Mason v. 525, “ the Chinese dwarf bamboo ” introduced “ from Penang ^mto Burmah,
“ makes a pretty hedge, and when cut annually, looks like an English quick-set hedge,
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