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5 1 4 CH R O N O L O G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
W à S B S f l i s Z £ B I = m B À
U c Z ! Z Ì 7 l Ì T ' " T " Z £ " *® ™ to B'-fito" (Pr ior ) , the
m m s m m m i
; s + . + ; . V + i f , “ *™w . ) . „ „ i . o « E , . „ p e . i .
R a m a l in a f a s t i g i a t a of Europe and Northern Asia. The BRYON-HERRA - r n P A l i ima
is ten/ed “ Hdie'n'' c L / / f o t r t lL “ / / / / ? " - - ''/ T / i f J f o r f i'i’s / s £ U ' n / ' ' " *
rostratum et canaliculatum ” by Dillenius nl f 6» ■ avt 1 1 ’i ' coralliforme
P V l / T N f R t r H T R B l of’UU®" " '"’'®®‘ * '"■ft"* (K--to>7 “ fi «to s. pnhnonacea is described by Matthioli p . '/ s / s / r / » / “ /U® ^ /'^tobeck, and others:
arborea” by Tournefort inst. 549; is known to gr/ 1 th r/ gho u t . n S e Ind N / T e / l u C r / l ì r
¿"zw/z/rt/; of Northern Europe and Asia. The I I M \/q ADDfo^^>^/** n i , ,
a ga itst^ ^H a n T c oV d empRyed medicinalli
foe 3 3 ^ 3 3 3 ® 3 / 3 ; 5 U f
thorp on mount Parnaslus and in the environ/ o'f C r s t a n Ì n o p l e ' “ ft^®"^®"' "«
47, M f / T o t l v / T R v £ / r F ’ ^ ’'® / f i U H H ° ^ ^ commended as safest by Pliny x.xii.
+ S + + 7 + + + + + + + + + H
< L e„+ fr::+ :;tt+ „+ 5 ‘+ + r ; r „ , m z s i ? “ •“>“ % ” ” ■ “ "<«"«■
= , , i . i L + : ; + ? + j r + + £ i £ £ r
sericea vulgaris et f l u i t / s ” by d / i / u s nl 0 / 7 ‘^tomed “ c. fluviatilis
» ^ s + t t + „ + + r + s ,+ ; r + + 5 r + : 1+
p . , . , . + g ) + + + . t I ;
and resembling grains of pepper but lan>-er nnrl r -i ? ■ ' ^ India
S j s i 0 5 S i p 3 “ ^
O F A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S .
5 1 5
tioned also by Paulus Aegineta, Constantinus, and Arab medical wnters (Royle fibr. ind.). C. draco
was observed by Rumphius v. pl. 58 in the Malayan archipelago; and the r e d r a ia n of Burmah called
“ kyeing-nee,” producing according to Mason v. 485 “ a red exudation like dragon’s blood,” is regarded
by him as probably identical. (See Draciena draco).
B o r a s s u s J ia b e llz / o rm i s of Tropical Eastern Asia. T h o f a n p a lm is called in Plindustan “ tarh ”
or “ ta r ” (Graham, and Royle fibr.), and the T A R V M brought according to Pliny xii. 44 by the
Nabathean Arabs, — may be compared with the sweet and edible juice of its fruit; inspissated into
solid plates after the manner of bdellium, at least on the Moluccas (Herbertus de Jager, Rumph. i.
pl. 10, and Spreng.) : the “ taur ” is mentioned in the Mahabharat conclud. se c t (D. Price in Orient
transl. lond.) : B. flabelliformis was observed in Hindustan by Rheede i. pl. 9, and Roxburgh cor.
i. pl. 7 1 ; by Graham, oversbading cottages “ in elevated and hilly situat ions;” by myself, under
cultivation ; and according to Royle fibr., yields toddy, its young seeds are eaten, its leaves are made
into fans called “ vissaries,” and are almost universally used for writing on with an iron style.
Farther East, was observed by Mason v. p.'425 and 522 “ e x o t ic ” in Burmah and called “ htan,”
more “ generally diffused than any other ” palm, and by an exception “ the orders that are issued
from the Burmese courts are written o n ” its leaves ; was observed by myself aboriginally introduced
and cultivated and made into fans on the Feejean, Tongan, and Samoan Islands.
“ 78, midsummer” (Tacit., and Clint.), Julius Frontinus succeeded by Agricola, as Roman
governor in Britain.
“ The same y e a r ” (Elphinst. iii. 3 and iv. 2), the S a l iv a h a n a e i 'a ; named after the Hindu king
reigning at Paitan on the Godaveri, — and continuing in use in the surrounding district “ the De c can”
(compare also the Prome era)T
“ The division of India into four empires happened in the first century A. D.” — (Wilford as.
res. ix. p. 182).
Dowlutabad (not far from Paitan) may have been the real attraction : that the rocky sides of
this mountain were already cut away to a perpendicular wall all around, — may be inferred from the
name “ T a g a r a ” in the periplus of the Erythraean Sea, corresponding as remarked by writers with
Deogiri or Dowlutabad (see Elphinstone). Dowlutabad was visited by Ebn Batuta.
Of the neighbouring caye-temples at Ellora, some may have been already constructed. The
series is Braminical, distinguished by many-handed and many-headed personages and other evidence
of Polytheism: including as if by an attempt at union a few cave-temples of the Budhist pattern,*
devoid however of signs of acknowledgment by Budhists and of inscriptions in the “ cave character.”
— The Kmlas temple hewn there out of the solid rock, the “ splendid masterpiece of Brahminism ”
(according to Liibke and Lutrow) “ is said to have been excavated and built during the earliest half
of the ninth century.”
“ 79 A. D . ” (Mason iii. 38), the F r o z n e e r a : — used by the Burmese “ about seven hundred
y e a r s ” (compare Salivahana era).
„ “ June 23d ” (Sueton., and Clint.), Vespasian succeeded by his son Titus, tenth Roman emperor.
The hieroglyphic ovals of Titus occur on temples at Esneh and in the Oasis of Dakkeh; and his
name, on coins issued in Egypt during each year of his reign.
“ In the summer ” (Tacit., and Cl int ) , Second campaign of Agricola in Britain.
“ Aug. 24th” (Plin. Secund. vi. 16, Sueton., Dio, and Clint.), eruption of Vesuvius, overwhelming
the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii. (A striking chronological landmark ; the brief reign of
Titus, leaving slight room for error in date ; the attendant death of Pliny, limiting his Encyclopedic
summary of the state of human knowledge ; while coeval illustration of the whole condition of
society is accessible in the vast variety of objects disinterred. Seeds and fruits are included,
which have been deposited in the museum of Naples, but 1 have not met with any published account
of them). .
Among the surgical instruments: the c a th e t e r — is figured by Vulpes pl. 3 ; relief afforded by
using the catheter, is expressly mentioned by Aretaeus acut. ii. 9 (Cockayne):
An instrument for t y in g a r te r ie s , — very similar to the forceps used by the French surgeon who
towards the end of the Sixteenth century revived the art (Vulp.): the practice of tying arteries during
surgical operations, is mentioned by Archigenes (Cockayne).
^ I 't c u s t s ie la of Hindustan. A species differing from the Banian tree in the fruit having no
involucre, figured in the cave-temples at Ellora, — as observed by myself; also seen near Ahmed-
nugger, growing around and overshadowing a temple of Krishna, evidently planted and regarded as
^c ied. F. tsiela was observed in Hindustan by Rheede iii. pl. 63, and Roxburgh; is described by
Graham as “ a large tree ” called “ datira,” growing “ on the Ghauts,” and one “ near Kennery caves ; ”
and was observed by Rumphius iii. pl. 89."
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