2 5 0
CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
* 4 a! Î
“ cro B C ” fClint = “ Sth vear of Cambyses,” Maneth.), invasion of Egypt by the P e c a n s
£ “ £ »? £ + . , o ccir' o . ,he’ K o si.r ro.d, a .d on n ,o ,..b lo « . d e , ( n o . m C ..,o, and
“ ‘' " ¿ ' ) £ Z ' S I . V £ + ‘ l iU n .w . l . o n . o r . l , . c o l o . , n l . , . . u o . o f A d . n . » » '
. r ™ L t e + f c “ v o cd d .n .n , . , ” and wl.an vi.iled b , Paoa.nia, 1, «a. 3, « » u pp» balf
vidoa. pu d, and Sn,. b. di), Xonopbanaa of Colophon n.ain-
tainin“ the unity of the Deity, without beginning without end, the animating power of foe universe
seeing"everything, hearing everything, understanding everything, nnhke “ J '
who cannot be known. He denounced the imputing human p a ss io^ a « wea0 etaes ' + 0 P®® '®0
mvths of Homer and Hesiod, and is quoted as the founder of Eleattc philosophy He “ 0 “ ° +
P l t t g o r a i and the founding of foe city of Elea or Velia, - and is mentioned by Heracleitus, and
m a i n l i l / T h t S l e out of the sea:
tains • relics of fishes and seals in the quarries at Syracuse ; an A<I>Y A, herring, imbedded in rock on
P a r o / crusts of all marine productions on MMit6; and whro foe
acrain into mud, mankind will perish, and a new creation will succeed (Oiig. Philos, iv.). Per ap
to the same cause as lifotning by Xenophanes — (Stob. i. 25, Plut. plac. phil. 11. 18, and Galen x in ) ,
are rlenrnell^^^^^^^^ and in the days of Columbus, were termed by
Mediterranean sailors “ the body of St. Elmo ” (F. Columb. 40). n j • r> ^
C e r T s avium of Europe, and as far as Caucasus. The ..zzr cherry is c a l l« Britain
zard from the medieval Latin “ manzar,” explained by Galfridus pr. pm. as spurms, Peljgaas
l l i o r ' i in France “ bi“ arreaux” (Pers.), in Greece “ kgrasia” (Fraas); m which we recognize foe
KEPA£0 N of Xenopha/es — (Poll. vi. 46), Democritus (geopon. iv. 7), and Diphilus Siphnius ; meiv
tioned by Theophrastus iii. 13. i as a tree twenty-four cubits high, and distinguis«d as
bv Galen fac simpl vii. p. 22 ; C. avium was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas wild m the
mountain woods of Greece; is known to grow also on Caucasus (Ledeb. 11. p. 6). Westward, a
beam of “ cerasus ” forty cubits long by two in diameter throughout, is mentiorod by Phny 0 i . 54 •
v Z - Z o c T L seed! in the deblis o( early lake-villages of Switzerland ; is descnbed by Bauhm,
and Blackwell pl. 425 (Pers.) ; is known to grow wild in middle Europe (A. Dec.), is bemdes veiy
i v V d . By Euro^^^ colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it is culti-
f l e d indiscriminately with C. cerasus ; and to foe Mauritius Islands, where it was not seen flowermg
^ Kambatet ” or Cambyses on the rocks at Hammamat; the late0 date
in his7 ei“ n found on the Egyptian monuments (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 596, a « Birch) In or about
this year" (Clint, i. p. 236, see also Herodot. iv. 165), submission to Cambyses of Arcesilaus III.,
^'’'J .^ l^ ^ lld n e sd a y^ J u ly i6th, one hour before midnight” (as reduced by Ptolemy to the mendiro
of Alexandria, Blair), Fifth Babylonian eclipse o f the moon; “ above six digits eclipsed on the North
( . • Blair, and Clint.), Polycrates king of Samos put to death by Oroetes, the
Persian prefect of Sardis. Anacreon by invitation of Hipparchus now left Samos to reside in Athens
^ ^ Z T n i Z n T i Z t Z L o rE u ro p ! and the adjoining portion of Asia. C « e d in Bxxidm aliscinders
or horse-parsley, in France “ grande ache ” or “ ache large ” (Prior), m I « y ‘‘ macerone or smn-
n io” (Lenz) in Greece “ skulosglinbn” or “ maurosShnon” (Fraas) or agnoseimon (Sibth.), m
which we recognize the “ agriosSlinon ” identified through Syn. Diosc. wfoi the KO'kEmN or
EmYPNEION of A n a c r e o n - ( s c h o l. Nic. ther. 596), and “ ipposilinon ” of Phroecrate.s, A n s totle
N « l . XX. 7, Theophrastus vii. 6. 3, eaten as a potherb according to Dioscorides, airo the root either
crude or cooked; known to Athenaeus in Egypt, and mentioned as occurring * e r e by Apuleius
Barbaras: S. olus-atrum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus
to Cyprus and foe shore of Caria in Asia Minor. Westward, foe “ ipposehnon is ideMified in Syn.
Diosc as well as by Pliny, with the “ olous atroum ” of the Romans ; foe “ atrum olus is mentioned
by Plautus pseudol. iii. 2, Columella xii. 58. and as a cultivated plant by Pliny xix. 48 : S olus-atrum
accordin“ to Beckmann was generally cultivated throughout Europe until superseded 0 celery abmi
foT en d of the Seventeenth century; ” is described by Fuch.sius p. 327 i is termed “ s. Malth.oh ”
by Tournefort inst. 316; was observed by Lenz wild m Italy ; and is known to grow to all appearance
wild from Spain to Britain (Pers., Bromf., and A. Dec.). Its fruit according to Lindley “ is
carminative and used to be officinal.”
Asplénium trichomanes of Northern climates. Called in Britain bristle fe rn (Prior), in Italy
“ tricomane ” (Lenz), in Greece “ polutrihi ” (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the “ trihômanës ”
identified hy Galen with the “ kallitrihon,” and the latter by Scarlatos with the KAAAIi’ YAAON
of Anacreon,— prescribed in potion in 7 Popular. 81: the “ trihomanSs” is described by Theophrastus
vii. 14 as having a stem like that of “ athianton mëlan” and numerous small leaves opposite
each other; by Dioscorides, as resembling “ ptërithi,” small and smooth, with thin lentil-like leaves
on blackish stems : A. trichomanes was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent on
shaded walls and rocks from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece; by Forskal, on mountain-summits
in Tropical Arabia. Westward, foe “ trihômanës” or “ ptëriôn” or “ ôptërôn” is identified in
Syn. Diosc. with foe “ kapillarëm ” or “ pinoulam” or “ philiklam” of the Romans; the “ trichomanes”
is described by Pliny xxvii. i n as resembling “ adianto ” but smaller and blacker: A.
trichomanes is termed “ trichomanes sive polytrichum officinarum” by Tournefort inst. 539, and is
known to grow in Italy and throughout Europe (E n g l.b o t.p l. 576, and Lenz). Farther Wes t is
known to grow on Madeira (coll. sice.); was observed by myself in clefts of rocks in our Atlantic
States from Lat. 43° to 40°; by Nuttall, along the Arkansas ; and is known to grow on the Alleganies
to their Southern termination (Chapm.).
“ 521 B. C.” ( = 529 — “ 7 y. 5 mo. — 7 months ” of Herodot, Clint, i. p. 258 and ii. p. i6),
Cambyses succeeded by Darius, third Persian emperor. Hieroglyphic ovals containing the name
of Ntarius occur at Edfu (Leps. eg. and sin. 117), also on rocks on the Kosser road, on temples in
the Oasis el Khargeh and Oasis of Ammon ; and (according to Glid. analect.) on papyri in the
Demotic character.
“ The same y e a r ” (according to Blair) “ is counted the 227th and 228th year of Nabonassar, as
one began January ist, the other December 31s t.”
520 ( = S19 y- d. = : 587 y. io7|-|a d. — 70 years of twelve lunations), end of the “ threescore
and ten years ” of 2 Chron. xxxvi. 21 ; “ in foe second year of Darius ” (according to Haggai
i. I, Zechariah i. i to 16, and Ezra iv. 24). — Zechariah vii. i to 5, speaking at Jerusalem in the
“ fourth ” year of Darius, alludes to the completion of the period.
“ 519 B. C. = 1st year of Keng-wang, of the Tcheou ” or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table).
515 B. C. = “ 4th year of his reign,” Darius in Egypt offering a premium for the discovery of a
new Apis or sacred bull — (Birch).
“ April 9th.” On the “ is t day of the Fifth month in foe 2d year of Khing-wang ” (Khoung-tseu,
Gaubil, and Pauth. p. 108), eclipse o f the sun.
In this year ( = 550 — “ 32 years ” of the Mahavamsi i. p. 29), end of the reign of Ajatasatru.
His successor is called Udayibhadra — in the Asoka avadana (Burnouf introd. 358).
516 B. C. = “ 6th year of the reign of Darius,” Ezr. vi. 15), completion of the new temple at
Jerusalem. Described by Haggai ii. 3 as an inferior building, in the eyes of those who had seen the
first temple, “ in comparison of it as nothing.”
Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Tapomurti reigning
in Hindustan.
Desmodium triforum of Tropical Asia. A procumbent diffuse trifoliate plant having no Sanscrit
name (Roxb., and Pidd.), but called in Hindustanee “ kodaliya,” in Bengalee “ koodaliya,” in
Telinga “ moonoodna-mooddoo ” (Drur.) ; from early times supplying feed for cattle ; — observed by
Graham “ common in the rains” in the environs of Bombay; by Wight, and Drury, “ springing up
in all soils and situations” in peninsular Hindustan, the fresh plant applied by the natives “ to abscesses
and wounds that do not heal well ; ” by Burmann pl. S4i on Ceylon; by Roxburgh, as far as
Bengal ; by Mason v. 478 to 767, indigenous in Burmah and the most, valuable plarft in the country
for feeding cattle, being “ a good substitute for clover and lucerne ; ” is known to grow also in China
(Pers.), and as far even as Timor (Decaisne). Westward from Hindustan, possibly by Hindu or
Arab colonists was carried to Zanzibar, observed by myself seemingly wild there ; is known to grow
also in Guinea (fl. Nigr,). Probably by European colonists was carried to the Mauritius Islands,
observed there by Bojer; to the West Indies, for it is not mentioned by early writers though now
well-known there (Swartz obs. pl. 6, Macfad., and A. Dec.), as also in Guayana (Pers.) and Mexico as
far as Acapulco (Benth. bot. sulph.).*
.A
* Smithia sensitivaoiTrofcaX Hindustan and Burmah. A small decumbent pinnate-leaved annual,
also from early times supplying feed for cattle : — observed by Graliam “ common in Bombay towards
the close of the rains ; ” by Rheede ix. pl. 38, in Malabar; by Wight, in other parts of peninsular
Hindustan ; by Mason v. 478, in Tavoy, said to make “ excellent hay.”