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2^ ^ CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
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“ Kaspapyrus” (C. Mull, geogr. m. i. p. xxin). r„iierl !n Crepce “ osullistra” or “ konutza”
m . „ , . » ' . I f o “ f J ” £ “ l ° “ oh “ c £ o £ I S k S n « . of H . . . « . . , -
(Sibth.), in Egyptian -käti (Syn. Dio .) , n i-onuza mSizöii ” two cubits high according to
l i p .
ing from the Pelopronwus throughout G ^ ^ Syn. Diosc. with the “ intuvöum ” or
l o Z l i f o f o . + l . . ° i '. » > o d b , BOCCOP. xW. pl, 7 io Sicily ; ,is k.ow n lo grow a l.o ,» B .to”
f
and “ konuza mikra ” only a foot high of Diosron e , Peloponnesus throughout the Greek
r s S r i o t s r n i i “
other parts of Southern F u r ^ + P e r e and L en g^ cinaethns : supposed by ancient
The same year ( = 69th. ol. ot scnoi. r t Delian Apollo. This hymn
writers to be the blind poet of Chios w 0 compose jg quoted and
contains perhaps no " P J f on Delos found by Homer od. vi. 165 young
considered ancient by Thucydides . but the underneath; — this dateand
flourishing is i + * i s Hyron old e Del.,
the “ Empire ” over the Eastern waters of the M ^ ite r r a n -n a0u ired b^dro
r a e r i r i Ä Ä Ä B l ^ r S : : “ -®® eclipsed on the
f o U i s ° y e i r ( t 1 ; ’8 - “ .6 years reign ” of the Mahavamsi iv.), Udayibhadra succeeded by his
son r - ^ T T h d N at Rome, Postumus Cominius Auruncus and T. Lartius consuls,
the d i l a t o l l i p inltUut'ed j and I ’Lartius (of Etruscan descent) appointed dictator.
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 2 5 5
One hundred and fourteenth generation. Jan. 1st, 500, mostly beyond youth: queen Esther
(Munk. p. 471) : the Greek poets, Timocreon of Rhodes, Praxilla, and Cleobuline ; the comic poets,
Phormis, Dinolochus, Euetes, Euxenides, Mylus, and Magnes ; the tragic poet, Phrynichus; the philosophers,
Heracleitus, and Parmenides; the historians, Dionysius of Miletus, Charon of Lampsacus,
and Hippys of Rhegium ; the sculptors, Ptolichus, and Calamis.
In this year ( = “ 70th olymp.” of Suidas . . . . ) at Athens, satyric drama invented and first
exhibited by Pratinas.
“ In or about this y e a r ” (Leps. eg. and sin. 442), the canal from the Nile to the Bitter Lakes,
extended to the Red Sea by Darius, and the connexion first completed. The canal is represented
by Lepsius as narrow and not intended for large ships : but the Persian ruins near Suez with cuneiform
inscriptions and the name and statue of Darius, are described as all in “ red granite ; ” a material
that probably came through the canal from Syene. The signet ring of Darius, containing “ his name
and title in cuneiform characters in three languages, Persian, Median, and Babylonian ’ — has been
found at Suez (Birch).
“ 499 B. C .” (Clint. . . . ), revolt of the lonians ; who after burning the city of Sardis, were pursued
and defeated near Ephesus. The Athenians now withdrew from the confederacy (Herodot. v.
99 to 102). The affair — led eventually to the invasion of Greece by the Persians.
Mago the Carthaginian military commander and agricultural writer, from being termed the father
o f Agriculture (Columell. i. i. 13) seems to have at least preceded Democritus. (See Plin. xviii. 5).
Cladium mariscus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain twig rush,
from its tough twiggy branching growth (Prior) ; and the “ junco ” called by Mago “ mariscon,” to
be cut for weaving mats from June to the middle of July — (Plin. xxi. 69), is referred here by writers :
C. mariscus is described by Valerius Cordus (Spreng.), and Morison viii. pl. 11 ; is termed “ scirpus
palustris altissimus foliis et carina serratis ” by Tournefort inst 528 ; is known to grow throughout
middle Europe as far as Sweden (flor. Suec. p. 35, Engl. bot. pl. 950, and Pers .). Eastward,
was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the marshes of Southern Greece. (Compare Juncus
spinosus).
Juncus acutus of the seashore along the Mediterranean and North Atlantic. A species of rush
called in France “ jonc maritime” (Fée), in Germany “ strandbinse ” (Fraas), in Greece “ vou rla”
or “ vourlò ” (Sibth.) : the “ alterum genus juncorum ” of Mago, — maritime according to Pliny xxi.
69 and the “ oxyschoenon ” of the Greeks, may be compared : the “ ôxushôinôs ” is mentioned in the
Batrachomyomachia 164, Aristophanes ach. 230, as sharp-pointed by Dioscorides iv. 52 ; and the
“ shôinôs Ó X U S ” is one of the three kinds distinguished by Theophrastus iv. 12 : J. acutus is described
by Anguillara 264 (Spreng.), and Barrelier pl. 203 ; is termed “ j. acutus capitulis so rgh i” by Tournefort
inst. 246 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding on the seashore of Greece
and Crete, and used for basket-work (Walp. p. 243) ; by Forskal, and Delile, on the Mediterranean
shore of Eg yp t; and is known to grow along the sea from Italy and Barfoary to Portugal and Britain
(Savi, Desf., Brot., Dec., and Engl. bot. pl. 1614). Farther West, is known to grow on Madeira (herb.
Schw.), and as far as our Atlantic seashore from New Jersey to Carolina and Florida (Pursh, Muhl.,
Ell., A. Gray, and Chapm ).
Irispseudacorus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The yellow iris is called in
Italy “ acoro adulterino” or “ iride gialla ” (Lenz), in Greece “ nërôkrinôs ” or by the Turks “ alak
ingivi ” (Sibth.) ; and a yellow-flowered kind is included in the “ iris ” identified in Syn. Diosc, with
the “ glathiôlôn ” of the Romans: the “ gladiolum alterum ” called “ cypiron ” should according to
Mago be cut to the root in July, and for three successive days c,arried under cover before sunset,
nocturnal dew injuring cut marsh-plants — (Plin. xxi. 68) : I. pseudacorus is described by C. Bauhin
pin. 34; is termed “ i. palustris lu te a ” by Tournefort inst. 360; was observed by Lenz frequent in
Italy ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 494, Curt. lond.
iii. pl. 4, and Pers.). Eastward, the “ cypiron ” of Apollodorus is identified by Pliny with the “ gladiolus ”
growing on Crete and Naxos as well as in Phoenicia and Egypt ; and an “ iris ” having yellow flowers
is expressly mentioned by Dioscorides: I. pseudacorus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and
Fraas, frequent in marshy situations from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople.
Triglochin palustre oi Northern climates. Called in Britain arrow-grass (Prior) ; the “ sagittam ”
of the Romans called “ pistanam” by the Greeks, to be peeled and dried according to Mago from the
Ides of May to the end of October — (Plin. xxi. 68), may be compared : T . palustre was observed by
Desfontaines in Barbary ; is known to grow in Portugal, and throughout middle and Northern
Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Brot., fl. Dan. pl. 490, Hook., and Wats.). Eastward is
known to grow in Tauria and throughout Siberia in both fresh-water and saline marshes (Gme l, and
Bieb.) : and farther East, in Alaska, and throughout Canada in fresh-water and saline marshes to
Ohio, Onondaga, and Lat. 49° in Newfoundland (Wats., Pursh, La Pylaie, and A. Gray). “ T .
bulbosum,” figured by Barrelier pl. 271 and perhaps not distinct, was observed by Bory in the
Peloponnesus.
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