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I S 2 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
tioned by Josephus b. j. iv. 8, and Tacitus : S. sanctum was observed by Rauwolf 73 (Spreng.), and
Hasselquist, in Palestine, is known to be “ the species commonly met with at the Dead Sea ” (Daub.);
was observed by Delile around cultivated land at Syene ; by Forskal p. 47, frequent in Yemen and
the seeds with the surrounding pulp used to coagulate milk. Farther East, the Brahmans of the
mountains in the time of Porphyrins abst. iv. 17 lived on cow’s milk coagulated by herbs ; and
according to Forskal the berries of all species of Solanum have this property.
Rumex roseiis of Egypt and the South side of the Mediterranean. Called in Egyptian “ jgjrg ”
(Kirch.), at the present day in Egypt “ hommeyd ” (Del.) or “ hemsis” (Fo rsk .): the '"lA'HS'^'IP
kmshnym of Proverbs .xxiv. 31, — o r “ kymwsh” of Hosea i.x. 6, or “ kmwsh ” of Isaiah xxxiv. 13,
may be compared : the “ hummadh elbakar ” is mentioned by Ebn Baitar: R. roseus was observed
by Forskal p. 77, and Delile, in sandy situations near R o se tta ; by Sibthorp, on Cyprus ; and by Desfontaines
i. p. 320, in cultivated ground in Barbary.
98s B. C. = “ 17th year of Mou-wang” (Lie-tseu, Sse-ma-thsian, the Li-tai-ki-sse,- and Pauth.
p. 97), journey of Mou-wang to mount Kouen-lun and the ‘ ‘ dominions of the mother of the Western
king; ” the first instance of a Chinese emperor visiting a foreign country.
About this time (“ 78 to too years after the fall of Troy,” Eratosth., Crates, Clint, p. 359, and
Sm. b. d.), Homer composing poetry. — The tomb of Homer is mentioned in the Scylacean periplus
58, and Strabo x. 5. i, as on lös : a small island whose proximity to Cadmean Thera is significant;
in consideration of the like proximity of Hesiod’s residence to Cadmean Thebes. In pronunciation
“ lös ” is readily converted into “ Hiös ; ” the claim to Homer by the inhabitants of the latter island,
may therefore be compared.
The £ r 0 /'/'0 £ of Homer ii. xviii. 414 and od. xx. 151 — is admitted to be sponge, Spongia officinalis
: wiping with “ spöggös ” is mentioned by Aristophanes, Plato, Theopompus, Demosthenes,
and Athenaeus ; “ spongia ” and “ spongiosa,” by Cicero, and P lin y ; and to the present day, the
commercial demand for sponge, I am informed, is in great part supplied from the Mediterranean.
The ® E E I 0 // of Homer il. xiv. 415 and od. x.xiii. 50 — is admitted to be su lp h u r : “ thfiöiön ” is
also mentioned by Araros, and Dioscorides; and “ sulphur,” by Vitruvius, Ovid, Seneca, and Martial.
That the Strait betweeen Italy and Sicily was known to Homer, is inferred by Polybius from the
capture there of 4>\ NkZ porpoises and KVA'AE sharks mentioned in od. xii. 95 : — in th e time
of Polybius, the capture was effected from boats by means of a sort of harpoon; the wooden shaft
falling off, leaving a long line attached to the infixed barb (Strab. i. 2. 15).
Calypso’s isle, termed by Homer od. i. 50 “ Ogugie the navel of the sea ” — is referred by Callimachus
to “ Gauthön” or Gozo (Strab. i. 2. 37) ; and if the adjacent island of Malta be included,
the epithet is at least applicable.
The KA££1T E P 0 I0 kassitöröio or tin mentioned by Homer il. xi. 25, xviii. 474 and 613, may
have come from tlie Cassiterides : the source in the days of Herodotus iii. 115 of the lin brought to
Greece. The Cassiterides are generally admitted to be the Scilly Isles near Cornwall; and as the
Thracians held the sea, the report to Artemidorus (Strab. iv. 5. 6) of sacrifices after the fashion of
Samothrace to Ceres and Proserpine “ on an island near Britain,” claims attention; especially, as the
sacrifices were in all probability established by Greek traders. Plates of tin have.been unrolled in
mummies not much later than Flomer: as in one at London ( ..............) ; and in one belonging to the
Twenty-third dynasty, at Boston. (See bronze.)
Papaver somniferum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Bxitaxn garden poppy or white
poppy, and its product opim?i (Prior), in Germany “ mohnblume” (Grieb), in Italy “ papavero ”
N en z ), in Greece “ paparöuna” or “ aphiöni ” (Fraas) or by the Turks “ casch casch ” (Sibth.), in
Egypt “ abou el-noum ” (Del.); in which we recognize the AA H KO N of the gardens with drooping head
likened by Homer 1^. viii. 306 to that of a dying warrior: — the juice of the “ mekönös” extracted
solely from its head, is mentioned by Theophrastus ix. 8. 2 ; “ meköniön ” or “ opion ” is mentioned
by Mnesidemus, is condemned by Diagoras, and Erasisfratus, is according to Andreas adulterated at
Alexandria and therefore not absolutely blinding, and the process of procuring it from the “ mekön
kepi Ute ” or “ papaveris sativi ” is described by lollas, Dioscorides, and Pliny xx. 76 ; the two varieties,
white-seeded and black-seeded, are also distinguished by Dioscorides, and Galen : P. somniferum
was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, cultivated and springing up spontaneously in the
Peloponnesus. Farther South, the “ mekön” is called in Egyptian “ nant! ” (Syn. Diosc.) or
“ n im an ” or “ p h a k i” (Kirch.) or “ haulan” (Edw.): opium is mentioned by Rhazes, and Abd-
allatif; continues one of the principal productions of Egypt, and P. somniferum was observed under
cultiv.ation there by Delile, CIot-Bey, and myself; by Forskal, under cultivation on the mountains of
Yemen. Westward, the “ mekön” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ p a p a v ir ” of the Romans ;
Tarquinius Superbus in reply to an envoy seeking advice cut off “ papavera in horto altissima ” (Plin.
xix. 53): P. somniferum is cultivated in Italy and middle Europe for ornament and the bland oil from
its seeds, continues springing up spontaneously during several years as far even as Britain; and “ P.
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 1 8 3
setigerum ” growing throughout the Mediterranean countries is regarded by Moris, and A. Decandolle,
as its indigenous state. Eastward from Syria, the cultivated form is called in Persian “ kook-
n ar ” (Ainsi.), in Hindustanee “ koknar ” or “ p o s t ” or “ khash khash ” (D ’roz.), in Sanscrit
“ khaskhasa ” (Pictet, and A. Dec.) ; is known to be “ cultivated to a great extent in Malwa ” in central
Hindustan, and was observed by Graham “ in gardens ” around Bombay ; by Bunge p. 4, in
Northern China ; by Thunberg, in Japan and called “ iesoku,” or usually “ k e s.” By European colonists,
was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a garden flower, and escaping from
cultivation has been observed “ near dwellings in some places ” (A. Gray).
Cicer arietinum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain chick-pea or chiches (Prior),
in France “ pois chiche ” (Nugent) or “ garvance,” in Spain “ garbanzo,” in Illyrian “ slanutak”
(Mor.), in Germany “ kicher,” in Italy “ c e c e ” or “ s isa ro ” (Lenz), in Greece “ rovizia” (Forsk.) or
“ r iv ith i” (Sibth.), in Egypt “ melan” and the seeds “ homos” (Forsk.); and the KVAMOE described
by Homer il. xiii. 589 as rebounding from the winnowing-floor, — may be compared (a name by later
generations transferred to a different plant) : the seeds resembling a ram’s head, may account for the
prejudice of the Egyptians against eating “ kuamos ” (Flerodot. . . . ), and from them adopted by
Pythagoras: the “ krios ërivinthô s” is mentioned by Sophilus, Diodes, Theophrastus viii. 5. i,
Athenaeus ii. 54, and as a second kind by Dioscorides: C. arietinum was observed by Forskal,
Sibthorp, and Fraas, cultivated and springing up spontaneously from Crete to Constantinople ; by
Forskal, Delile, Clot-Bey, and myself, abundantly cultivated at the present day in E g yp t; and is
known to grow seemingly wild around Caucasus (Pallas, and Ledeb.). Westward, the “ cicer ” or
“ cicer arietinum” is mentioned by Horace, Columella, Pliny, Palladius, and Isidorus Flispalensis :
C. arietinum is termed “ c. sativum flore candido” by Tournefort inst. 389; was observed by For.skal
under cultivation near Marseilles; is known to be abundantly cultivated in Italy and Spain, occurring
besides in some instances seemingly wild (Pers., A. Dec., and Lenz). Eastward from Caucasu.s, the
“ ërëvinthos” was unknown in India when visited by Alexander (Theophr. iv. 4. 9): C. arietinum is
called in Sanscrit “ chennuka ” (Pidd.), in Flindustanee “ chenna,” in Bengalee “ chuna” or “ boot-
kaley,” in Tamil “ kadalay ” (Drury), in the environs of Bombay “ chunna ” or “ hurburree ” according
to Graham and “ extensively cultivated in some parts of the Deccan and Goozerat for feeding horses,”
the acid from all parts of the plant found by Christie journ. mad. 13 collected at Madras and used
instead of vinegar in curries: was observed by Mason v. 467 “ e xo tic ” and cultivated “ extensively
by the Burmese,” and called “ ku-lu-bai.” B y European colonists, was carried to the West Indies,
where it is said to continue under cultivation; and to Northeast America, where I have found the
seeds well known in market in our Middle States.
Lupinus tennis of the West Mediterranean countries. A lupine called in Egyptian “ tharmos ”
(Kirch.), at the present day in Egypt “ termis” (Forsk.), in which we recognize the EPEBI/V®0 £
of Homer il. xiii. 589, its seeds rebounding in like manner from the winnowing floor, — mentioned
also by Alexis, Polemon, Zeno (Athenaeus ii.), and according to Theophrastus viii. 3. 2 having the
most woody stem of all kinds of pulse ; “ ërëvinthôi lëukôi ” are mentioned by Euryphon 2 morb. 69,
Diod es (Athen. ii. 44), and Theophrastus viii, 5. i to 6. 5, and the “ ërëvinthos ” is further distinguished
by him, and Dioscorides, from the “ krios ërëvinthos : ” L. termis is no longer to be found in
Greece, but continues extensively cultivated in Egypt, its seeds eaten, its stems furnishing fuel
(Clot-Bey) and the best charcoal for making gunpowder (Forsk., and Del.). Farther East, the seeds
imported into Hindustan are called in Hindustanee “ turmis ” or “ baqillae misri,” but have no Sanscrit
name (Roxb., Pidd., and D ’roz.), nor are lupines cultivated (Royle him. 194), Westward from Greece
and Egypt, L. termis is known to grow to all appearance wild from Italy and Sicily to Sardinia,
Corsica, and Southern Spain (Bertoi., Guss., Moris, Boiss., and A. Dec.).
Panunculus sceleraius oi Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Egypt “ zaghlil” and its bruised
leaves used against “ psoram ” (Forsk. p. Iv), in Italy “ sardonia ” or “ sardoa ” or “ appioriso ” (Targ.) :
sarcastic smiling £APAAA/IOA/is mentioned by Homer od. xx. 303, and convulsive imitation in a dying
man perhaps already known to be caused by an herb : — the “ sarthôniôs gëlôs ” is mentioned by Plato
polit. i. 317 ; the “ sardoa herba” by Virgil; the plant in question is described by Pausanias x. 17 as
“ sëlinô’’-like and growing chiefly about springs; is identified by Oribasius exc. 124, and in Delet.
pharm. 14 with a kind of “ vatrahiou ” that when eaten induces delirium and convulsive movements of
the lips like laughter, giving rise to a proverb (compare Atropa belladonna). The fourth kind of
“ vatrahion” is described by Dioscorides as small, its flower “ galaktizon” (in one manuscript’-
“ hlôôthëstërôn,” and in Pliny “ lu te o ” ), and leaves flowers and tender stem applied externally to
remove “ psôras : ” R. sceleratus was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, in wet places around Smyrna
and Constantinople and on mount Haemus ; by Forskal, and Delile, as far as Cairo; is known to
grow al.so in the Crimea and in Siberia. Westward, is described by Fuchsius . . . , and Gerarde . . . ;
is termed “ r. palustris apii folio lævis ” by Tournefort inst. 291 ; and is known to grow throughout
middle and Northern Europe as far as Sweden and Norway (fl. Dan. pl. 371, Pers., and Wats.).
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