by Morison iii. 9. pl. 8, and is known to grow in Pannonia and Southern Germany and France (Villars
delph., Jacq. austr. pl. 55, Crantz, and Poll.).
Ambrosia maritima of the Mediterranean seashore. Called in Egypt “ demsyseh ” (Del.) : the
“ amvrosia” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ mërsëô ” of the Egyptians, — and according to
Dioscorides branchy and three span high from a slender root, with small “ pëganôu’’-like leaves
around the shooting of the stem, grape-like racemes never flowering but full of seed, wine-scented
and entwined in garlands in Cappadocia, is referred here by writers : A. maritima is known to grow
on the seashore of Cappadocia (Pers.) ; was observed by Chaubard around the Peloponnesus and
Greek islands; by Forskal p. 160 and Delile, from Alexandria to river-islands near Cairo, and
employed medicinally. Westward, the “ amvrosia” or “ vôtrus ” or “ vôtrus artëmisia ” is identified
in Syn. Diosc. with the “ kaprôum silvatikôum” or “ apioum rôustikôum” of the Romans ; but the
account of the “ ambrosia” by Pliny xxvii. 11 to 31 seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides: A. maritima
is described by Lobel obs. p. 442, and Dodoens p. 35 (Spreng.); and is known to grow on the
seashore of Etruria (Pers.)._
Convolvulus arvensis of middle Asia. Called in Britain bindiueed or mithmind, in Anglo-
Saxon “ withwinde” (Prior), in Germany “ acker-winde,” in Italy “ viticcio ” or “ vilucchio minore”
(Lenz), in Greece “ përiplokatha,” or by the Turks “ sarmasjik ” (Forsk.), in Egypt “ o’lle y q ”
(Del.) ; in which we recognize the “ ëixinë ” with long “ përiplëkômëna ” branches identified in
Syn. Diosc. with th e “ apap” of the Egyptians, — further described by Dioscorides as growing in
hedges and cultivated ground, its leaves ivy-like but smaller, juice somewhat purgative, and referred
here by writers : the “ përiplokatha ” is mentioned by the scholiast of Theocritus v. 128 : the “ ullaik,”
by Ishak ben Amran, Gafeki, Edrisi, and Ebn Baitar : C. arvensis is known to occur around Caucasus
(Ledeb.); was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in cultivated ground
from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus; by Delile, around Rosetta and Cairo; was received by
Choisy from Arabia and Abyssinia. Westward, tlie “ ë ixin ë ” or “ amëlxinën” or “ mëlampëlôn ”
or kissanipëlôn ” or “ kissanthëmôn ” is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ vôlôutôu
laparôu ” of the Romans: C. arvensis is described by Valerius Cordus, Fuchsius, Matthioli, and
Dodoens (Spreng.) ; is termed “ c. minor arvensis flore roseo ” by Tournefort inst. 83 ; was observed
by Munby in Algeria ; by Forskal, on Malta and near Marseilles ; and is known to occur in cultivated
and fallow ground as far as Sweden (Bocc. mus. pl. 53, fl. Dan. pi. 56g, and Fries). Eastward from
Caucasus, was observed by Malcolm in Persia ; by Gibson “ common ” on the Deccan and “ flowering
during the rains ” (Graham), naturalized as observed by myself ; is known to grow along the Altaian
mountains and as far as Daouria and Northern China (Ledeb., and Bunge). By European colonists,
was carried to Madeira and the Azores (Choisy, and Wats.) ; to Northeast America, where it has become
a frequent weed ; to Mexico, Buenos Ayres (Choisy), and Chili (C. Gay) ; to the Mauritius
Islands, and Southeast Australia (Corder, and A. Dec.).
Scrophularia peregrina of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of brownwort called
in Greece “ vrômôhôrtôn ” (Sibth.): the “ galiop s is” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ aithôpi”
of the Egyptians, — and described by Dioscorides as growing in court-yards and along hedges and
footpaths, resembling in stem and leaves the nettle but the leaves smoother and heavy-scented if
bruised, flowers slender and purplish, is referred here by writers: S. peregrina was observed by
Sibthorp, and Chaubard, throughout Greece precisely in the situations described by Dioscorides.
Westward, the “ galiôpsis” or “ galëôvthôlôn ” or “ galëphô s” is further identified in Syn. Diosc.
with the “ ôurtika lavônëm ” of the Romans ; but the account by Pliny xxvii, 57 of the “ galeopsis ”
or “ galeobdolon” seems taken from Dioscorides (including the name “ galion” transferred by mistake
from the succeeding article) : S. peregrina is described by Anguillara, and Camerarius hort. pl.
43 (Spreng.) ; is termed “ s. folio urticae ” by Tournefort inst. i66 ; and is known to grow in Bosnia,
Illyria, Italy, and as far as France (Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and Spreng.).
Ballota nigra of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain black horehound
(Prior), in Italy “ cimiciotto” or “ marrubio bastardo” or “ b a llo ta ” or “ ballota n era ” (Lenz), in
Greece “ pispëritza” (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the “ vallóte,” identified in Syn. Diosc. with
the “ aima Isiônôs” of the prophets, and “ asphôs” or “ ëskë ” of the Egyptians, — ancl described
by Dioscorides as having several somewhat hairy tetragonal stems from a single root, and at intervals
roundish leaves “ p ra siô’’-like but larger and hairy, strong-scented and resembling “ mëlissôphullôu,”
the flowers rotate around the stem : B. nigra was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, in waste
places from Greece and the Greek islands to Constantinople and Smyrna: Westward, the “ vallôtë”
or “ mëlan” or “ mëga prasiôn” or “ prasiôn ëtërôn” is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the
“ apniôum” or “ mëlitam” or “ ôulkëraria” or “ marrôuviôum ” or “ kanthërinôum ” of the Romans;
the “ marrubium nigrum” is mentioned by Castor, but the account by Pliny xx. 89 and xxvii. 30 of
the “ balloten ” seems taken from Dioscorides: B. nigra is described by Fuchsius p. 154 (Spreng. )J
is termed “ bailóte” by Tournefort inst. 185; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles; and is
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known to occur in waste ground from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot.
pl. 46, Pers., and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues
in waste places in New England.
Hordeum inurinum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wall barley
or mouse barley, \n Germany “ maus-gerste ” (Prior), in Greece “ agriôstakus ” (Sibth.), in Egypt
“ abu stiri” (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the “ roun stahuós ” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the
“ athnön” of the Egyptians, — and “ phôinix” of Dioscorides, growing in cultivated ground and
upon freshly-daubed roofs, its leaves shorter and narrower than those of barley, and spike “ a ira ” -
like, mentioned also by Paulus Aegineta: H. murinum was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and
Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and Smyrna; by Hasselquist, and
Forskal, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt at Alexandria and Damietta. Westward, the
“ phôinix ” or “ phôinikôptërôn ” or “ rôun” or “ aghinöpa” or “ ôsthalën ” is further identified in
Syn. Diosc. with the “ palôlôu köupinöum ” of the Romans; and the “ herba phoenicea,” by Pliny
xxii. 65 with “ hordeum murinum:” H. murinum is described by Tragus (Prior); is termed “ gramen
spicatum vulgare secalinum” by Tournefort inst. 517; was observed by Forskal on Malta, and near
Marseilles ; and is known to occur throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 629,
and Pers.).
788 B. C. ( = 848 — “ 60 years ” of Apollod., Diodor., and Euseb. i. p. 166), Charilaus succeeded
by his son Nicander as one of the two Spartan kings ; the seventh in the Proclid line.
“ 787 B. C.” (Hieronym., and Clint., = 1169 — “ 92 — 85 — 79 — 23 — 25 — 33 — 45 years ”
of Diodorus in Euseb.), “ e ighth” change in naval dominion. Leaving the Phoenicians, the
“ Empire of the s e a ” acquired by the Egyptians.
783 B. C. ( = 793 — “ 10 y e a r s ” of both Maneth. tables), end of the reign of Psammous. In
the Afr.-Maneth. table, he is succeeded by “ Zet ; ” but no such king has been found on the monuments
(see below, Vöhhöris).
“ 782 B. C. About this time” (Scymn., and Clint, i. p. 206), Sinope on the Black Sea founded
or occupied by Greek colonists under Ambron of Miletus. Ambron was slain by the Cimmerians ;
who, with the Amazons, were making a Third irruption into Asia Minor.
Raphanistrum maritimum of the seashore from the Caspian along the Mediterranean and Atlantic
as far as Britain. The black radish or Spanish radish is called in Germany “ rettig ” (Grieb), in
Italy “ radice ” or “ rafano ” or “ ramoraccio ” (Lenz), in Greece when growing spontaneously “ agria
rapania ” (Fraas sec. Gay) ; in which we recognize the “ raphanum silvestre ” or “ agrión ” identified
by Pliny with the “ armon ” of the people of Pontus, — also the “ amôrëan ” kind of “ raphanithos ”
mentioned by Theophrastus vii. 4 2, and the “ armôrakian ” of the Romans identified in Syn. Diosc.,
and by Pliny xix. 26 and xx. 12, with the “ raphanis agria : ” “ raphanithas ” are mentioned by Epicharmus,
Cratinus, Pherecrates, Eupolis, Metagenes, Amphis, Aristophanes, Antiphanes, Diodes of
Carystus, Androcydes, Dioscorides, Galen, Athenaeus ii. 48, and are identified in Syn. Diosc. with the
“ thörpath ” of the Numidians, and “ rathix nôstras ” of the Romans : the “ raphanus ” is mentioned
by Varrò, Horace, Columella, and Pliny : the “ raphanis agria,” by Theophrastus . . . , by Dioscorides
as medicinal and its leaves and slender root eaten as potherbs, and is identified by Galen fac. alim.
ii. p. 622 with the “ rapiam ” of the people of Asia : R. maritimum is described by J. E. Smith, as
observed on the seashore of Britain (Engl. bot. pl. 1643) ; known to grow at Gibraltar (Gay) ; was
observed by Moretti in Italy; seems frequent in Greece (Fraas, and Gay); is known to grow on the
shores of the Caspian (A. Dec.) ; and according to Gay is cultivated in Siberia and Southern France,
in the second year developing a fleshy root. (See Raphanus sativus).
“ 781 B. C. = 1st year of Yeou-wang, of the T ch eou ” or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table).
“ 779 B. C. About this time ” (742 to 740 + “ 38 years ” of Apollod., Diodor., and Euseb. i. p.
166, see also Ephor., Pausan. iii. 2. 6 and 7. 4, and Clint, i. p. 338), the first difficulty with the Mes-
senians : Teledus, son of Archelaus and one of the two Spartan kings, slain in an affray at a temple
of Diana. He was succeeded by his son Alcamenes, ninth king in the Agid line ; and his colleague
Nicander at once led an army into Argive territory. Of three extant sayings of Nicander (Plut. mor.
p. 230), one refers to the Argives.
“ 778 B. C.” (. . . . Clint, i. p. 150), at Athens, Agamestor succeeded by his son Aeschylus, twelfth
archon for life.
Asclepiadae, hereditary priests of Aesculapius, continuing in the practice of the healing art at
Cnidus — (Sm. b. d.).
Daphne Gnidium of the Mediterranean countries. A low shrub called in France “ garou ” (Fée),
in Greece “ kausa ” or “ kapsa ” (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the “ casiam of Hyginus ” identified
by Pliny with the “ cneoron” producing “ granum Gnidium; ” employed by the Asclepiadae of Cnidus,
— and hence the name (Ruf. Ephes., and Orib. vii. 26) : “ kôkkôu knithiôu ” of Int. affect. 8, and
Theophrastus ix. 20. 2, “ knëôrôu ” of Democritus (geop. xv. 2. 37), Nat. mul. 29, Int. aff. 23, i Morb.
V ii