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812 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
thence about fifty to the river Maulli in “ S. Lat. 34° 30'.” According however to Molina, the limit
was somewhat farther North at the river Rapel ; where the remains of a Peruvian fortress are extant.
Wintera Chiiensis of Chili. Arborescent, called in Chilian “ boighe,” and from early times held
sacred by the Araucanians,* — who carry branches in religious ceremonies (Feuill., and Molin.) :
observed by myself in mountain-ravines back of Valparaiso, not exceeding the dimensions of a large
shrub, and clearly distinct from the Fuegian species ; may prove however the species known to grow
on the mountains of Peru and New Grenada (Linn. f. suppl. 269, and Humb. and Bonpl. i. pl. 58).
Doubtless furnishes a portion of the Winter's bark of druggists, imported into Brazil under the name
of “ casca d’anta” and much used against colic, known also in Europe “ as an aromatic tonic,” warm
and pungent (Lindl.).
“ 1426 A. D. = ‘ hiouan-te,’ 1st year of Hionan-tsoung-tchang-ti,” or Hiouan-tsoung II. or
Siouan-tsoung II., “ of the Ming” or Twenty-third dynasty — (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.).
“ In this year ” (Burm. hist., and Mason 27), Mukka, son of Theha and king of Pegu, taking the
title of Dhamma-raza. He made munificent offerings to the pagoda at Rangoon.
1427 A. D. (= “ six year.s ” before the visit of Brocquière),'conquest of Servia by the Turks.
—• Brocquière found the Servians belonging to “ the Greek church.”
“ 1428 A. D.” (Burm. hist., and Mason 65), the king of Toungoo, in alliance with the king of
Pegu and Talaing forces, warring against the Burmese. They captured Prome at this time tlie capital
of the Burman empire.
“ Oct. I2th ” (Blair), beginning of the siege of Orleans; the first blow to English power in
France. Joan cl’Arc having distinguished herself as a warrior in the defence of the city, — after two
years was taken prisoner by an officer of the duke of Burgundy, was sold to the English, and burned
(Brocq., and T. Wright).
“ 1429 A. D.” (ann. Jap., & art de verif.), Seokouo or Seo-kwo succeeded by Gofimnazo, now
“ one hundred and third ” (or omitting those who reigned twice, one hundred and first) dairo of Japan.)
“ The same year ” (Nicoh), a synod at Riga. Deputies were “ sent to the pope, To complain of
the oppression of that church.”
The city of Sibir, at the junction of the Sibirka and Irtich, probably at this time in existence. —
Muller and Gmelin on visiting the site, “ twenty-three versts ” from Tobolsk, found only an old ruined
wall (Pall. trav. ii. 525).
Paeonia anómala oí Siberia. Called on the Obi “ mariin koren ” (Pall.), and from early times
employed medicinally : — observed by Gmelin fl. iv. pl 72 in Siberia ; by Pallas trav. ii. 345 on the
Vagran tributary of the Obi.
Ferula Siberica of the Uralian plains. Called by the Russians on the Upper Irtich “ oukrop ”
(Pall.), and known from early times : —observed by Pallas ii. 545 near Jamyschewa, flowering in
June ; by Sokolof, in sands between the Volga and Yaik, ripe seeds on the dried stems in July.
Sedum spinosum of the Uralian plains. Called on the Irtich “ repki,” its leaves agreeably acid,
and from early times eaten crude — (Pall.) : observed by Gmelin iv. pl. 67 in Siberia ; by Pallas i. to
iii. 123 from the Lower Volga to and beyond Omsk.
Caragana halodendrosi of the Uralian plains. A thorny bush called by the Russians on the
Upper Irtich “ ternevnik ” (Pall.), and known from early times : —observed by Gmelin iv. tyn. 19 in
Siberia ; by Pallas iii. 153 to 489 in arid saline plains from the Ural mountains to the Upper Irtich
near Jamyschewa,
Populus balsamifera oi Siberia. A “ superb tree” called by the Russians on the Irtich “ kai-
derevo ” (Pall.), and known from early times : —observed by Pallas iii. 190 along the Irtich river-
bank to the .Mtaian mountains. The balm-of-Gilead, termed “ p. latifolia” by Moench, “ p. candicans”
by Aiton, known in America before Catesby i. pl. 34, and Marshall, and planted near dwellings from
“ N. New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky ” (A. Gray), may be compared.
* Araucaria irnbricata of Southern Chili and Araucania. A lofty Coniferous tree, its large
cones from early times supplying the natives with a great part of their food, a single tree sometimes
producing enough to maintain eighteen persons for a year — (geogr. plant, lond tract soc.); observed
by Molina, and Pavon diss. bot. 9. Transported to Europe, is described by Lamarck pl. 32S ; and
from Europe was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in greenhouses.
f Taxus verticillata of Japan. The “ make ” of the mythological history of Japan, — is referred
here by Klaproth (introd, ann. Jap.) : T. verticillata was observed in Japan by Thunberg.
Erianthus Japonicus oi Japan. The “ asi” of the mythological history of Japan, — is referred
here by Klaproth (introd. ann. Jap.) ; E. Japonicus was observed by Thunberg, Houttuyn pl. 89, and
Siebold in Japan, abundant, covering the mountains from “ fifteen hundred to five thousand feet ” and
as far North as the island of Yeso. In Chinese, the grass is called “ wei ” (Klapr.).
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 813
A llium obliquum of Siberia. From early times cultivated on the Tobol as a substitute for
garlic, — observed wild there by Pallas iii. 55 ; also in Siberia by Gmelin i. pi. 9.
A llium angulosum of Siberia. Called on the Upper Yenisei “ mischei-tschesnok ” mouse-gar-
lic, and from early times collected and salted for winter use, — observed by Pallas iv. 426 ; and in
Siberia by Gmelin i. pl. 14. Westward, is described by Bauhin hist. ii. pl. 564; and is known to
occur In Germany (Jacq. austr. v. pl. 423, and Pers.).
Potentilla fruticosa of Northern climates. A shrub three feet high called in Siberia “ Kouril-
skoi-tchai ” Kurile tea, and its leaves from early times used by the peasants and Tartars as a substitute
for tea,* — observed by Pallas iii. 394 to . . . around Lake IBaical; by Gmelin, throughout Siberia ;
by Bieberstein, on mount Alwar in Armenia ; and known to grow from Sweden to Ireland and Switzerland
(Engl. bot. pl. 88, and Wats.). Westward, was observed by Lapylaie in Newfoundland; by
myself, along the Atlantic as far as 42°, abounding especially on the hills of Western Massachusetts ;
by Torrey, as far as 41° on the Hudson ; by Pursh, from Canada to the mountains of New York and
New Jersey; by Lewis and Clark, and E. James, on the Rocky mountains; and was received by
Hooker from Bear Lake river and Kotzebue Sound.
“ March ist to April 23d” (Nicol.), a synod at Paris. Rules were made, On “ the celebration of
Sunday ; ” the expenses of banns of marriage ; and prohibiting the “ Feast of fools,” an absurd ceremony
“ established in the church of Paris about the end of the Twelfth century.”
“ In this year (= 833 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), by Ahmed Shah of Guzerat, expedition by sea
to recover the coast-islands of Bombay and Salsette, seized by the Bahmani king in attempting to
subdue the Concan. The Bahmani king was driven out, but remained hostile.
1430 A. D. (= “ 1355 an. jav.,” Raffles x.), birth of Raden Paku or Sunan Giri, son of the
daughter of the chief of Balambangan by the Arab missionary Mulana Ishak also called Mulana Alul
Islam. The child was conveyed to Gresik in Java and placed under the charge of Niai Gedi Pinateh,
a woman of rank banished from Kamboja to whom refuge had been granted by tlie Javan king.
“ In this year” (Velasco, and Markh.), Atauchi Duchicala succeeded by Flualcopo Duchicala,
now fourteenth scyri of Quito.
“ The same year ” (Colebrooke as. res. vii. p.—), Vrihaspati surnamed Mucuta commenting on the
Amera-cosha.
Strychnos colubrina of Southern Plindustan. Called in Telinga “ naga musadi,” in Bengalee
“ koochila-luta ” (Lindl ), and included perhaps by the commentator on the Amara-cosha— (see W.
Jones as. res. iv. p. 128) ; S. colubrina is described by Rumphius ii. pl. 37; was observed in Hindustan
by Rheede viii. pi. 24, and Roxburgh; by Graham, “ a large scandent shrub by means of tendrils”
found by Nimmo in the Southern Concan : the wood of its root is considered an infallible remedy for
the bite of the naga or cobra de capella and of every other venomous snake, is therefore the most
esteemed kind of lignum colubrinum, and brings such high prices among the natives as rarely to find
its way to Europe (Roxb., and Lindl.).
“ 1431, March 3d to 6th ” (Alst., and Nicol.), Martinus III. succeeded by cardinal Gabriel Condul-
mier, now Eugenius IV., fifty-third pope. Charles V II. . . . ruling France; and Henry VI., England.
“ July 23d” (Nicol.), “ Eighteenth general ecclesiastical Council.” Convened at Basle. The
kinsmen of the pope and cardinals were excluded from the cardinalship. The festival of the Conception
and Visitation vvas ordained. And the Council continued in session “ eleven years, nine months,
and seventeen days ” (Alst).
“ In this year” (see Galvan.)^^SpHn and Portugal disputing the possession of the Canary Islands,
the controversy was decided by pope Eugenius IV. in favour of Spain.
“ The same year” (Martin Behaim in voyag. Belg., and Major pr. H. 131), under instructions
from prince Henry of Portugal, Gonzalo Velho Cabral re-discovering Formigas, and as the birds there
made no attempts to escape, named it the “ Hawks ” or Azores — (a condition of things witnessed by
myself on uninhabited islands). In “ 1432” a second island was re-discovered and named Santa
Maria: and “ in 1449” (Galvan.), Alfonso V. gave license to his uncle prince Plenry to people the
Azores, “ which were long before discouered.”
* Pyrola nniflora of Northern climates. Called around Lake Baical “ killereka,” and from early
times used medicinally and as a substitute for tea— (Pall. iv. 409) : observed by Gmelin throughout
Siberia ; by Pallas, in woods around Lake Baical ; by Chamisso, in East Siberia. Westward, is
described by C. Bauhin pin. [91 ; is known to grow on the Pyrenees and mountains of Switzerland,
and from Flanders (Dec.) to Lapland (Engl, bot, pl. 146, fi, Dan. pl. 8, and Wats.). Farther West, in
Greenland (Wats.) ; was observed by Lapylaie on Newfoundland ; by myself, in deep shade from 48°
On the Lower St. Lawrence to 42° along the Atlantic; by Pursh, from Canada to New York State;
was received by A. Gray from Pennsylvania and Lake Superior ; and was observed by Mertens at
Norfolk Sound.
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