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4 5 6 CHRON OLO GIC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
0no v2el,l ae. 0 0A 0Io®n ga" •i s termed “ a. Iboyn gPal mvye rXaX”V . b5y4 3T3o uhranvefinorgt ai nrsto.o t1 6“2,l oanngdi sissi mkaneo wtnen ntoi taotcisc uvri tiins
Carmoha Italy, and as far as Portugal (Mill. pl. 51, and Pers.). Eastward from Greece, was
obsei ved by 1 hunberg in Japan. The plant according to Lindley continues in medicinal use.
Nov. 27th ’ (Blair, and Clint.), the “ Second Triumvirate” over the Romans; established by
Uctavius, Antony, and Lepidus, to continue “ five years.”
T " 0 ‘" lin t), defeat and death of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi in Macedonia.
41 h. L. (Appian, and Clmt. ni. p. 216 and 228), first visit of Antony to Egypt.
Cleo^atm^ perhaps those on coins issued by Antony and
Pompeius^' ^ warfare of Antony and Octavius against Sextus
anpnpnoninltUedU b y An0ton'y°’ king a^t1 J0er. uisiai lemp.. 22o), the Jews having been conquered by Sossius, Herod
“ The same year ” (Dio, and Clint, iii. p. 220), return of Antony to Italy ; and the renewal of the
Ttmmvirate beUveen him, Octavins, and Lepidus, for “ another five years.”
anlksno “Tof Lj efptfttd'-uh's”, wlm haTd t aken partr eangeawinals to fO nctaavvaiul sm. arA, nadn din Stehxet uEs aPsto, mthpee iuPsa rdtheifaenat ewda.r aTnhde dfaisllastrous
retreat of Antony from Media. .
25„ „ (hm. D. cl.J. “ eighty” years old writing on Agriculture “ re rustica.” — He died “ B C
Viburnnm opulus of middle and Northern Europe. Called in Britain mater-elder (Prior) in
I T / T / 0 f 0 q Ruel “ opierus” or “ obierus,” in current French “ obier” (N ugent); the
P u e T in-° f l ’■ Columella v. 6, a shrub resembling the cornel, is referred here by
Rue ,. to„ and others : V. opulus is descnbed also by Cordus, Tragus, Matthioli, Gesner, Dodoens
Thai,us, and Tabernæmontanus ; ,s termed “ opulus Ruellii ” by Tournefort inst. 606; and is know?
to grow m tim woods « f ranee and middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 661, Lam fl fr
OT r o ! T "0 , ft'®™;? Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, in the environ?
ft' n cultivated variety called guelder-rose or snowball tree (Prior) from the en-
lar ed and barren flowers, ts figured by C. Bauhin ; and by European colonists was carried to Northeast
America, where it continues under cultivation for ornament.
opalus of the West Mediterranean countries. Possibly the “ opulus” of Varrò — and
Columella : A. opalus is descnbed as an arborescent shrub (Pers.); is termed “ acer opalum ” by
Vitlelsacresn, zainod (iSs pkrneonwgn.) to“ gar.o iwta ilnu mIt”a lyb y( PLearsu.t,h a, nd“ aS. tehuidsp.)a. nicum ” by Pourret, “ a. opulifolium” by
Triticum monococcum of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Single-seeded wheat is called in Germany
^ e.nkorn (Gnelr), ,n France “ locular” (F ée), in Italy “ farragine” (Targ.), in which we
recognize foe FARRAGO of Varrò, — Virgil, Columella, and others: the “ zëia aplë ” single-seeded
rC?prherekT r4rU, " ® ??ró, Ib®u0t ®a ccor£d ing toft ft"F' rfta"a®s™ "i s 'ftn'' o longer cultivateedn utmheerrea.t edW beys twLainrkd , aos ccfruerqs uienn tt hine
deb ts ot he ancient lak/villages of Switzerland (Troyon); is described by Morison viii. pl, 6, and
Haller helv. 1425 (Pers.), but its cultivation in middle Europe continues unimportant (A D ec )
In Its wild state, is said by Bieberstein to grow from the Crimea to Eastern Caucasus, but this has
not been confirmed by other observers (See T. spelta).
tlie Z iT X B I T “ 7 0 Temperate Climates. A diminutive annual kind oi rush ; and the S C I R P I C V LVS mentioned by Varrò as made into a little wheel — (Ainsw.), may be compared •
1. setaceus is termed “ s. omnium minimus capitulo breviore” by Tournefort inst. 528, “ s. filiformis”
by 0avi as observed by him in Italy ; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe
a.s for as Denmark and Iceland (H ook., fl, Dan. pl. 311, and Pers.). Eastward, was ob.served by
Sibthorp m marsh/ground on the island of Seriphus. In the Southern Hemisphere, is known to grow m Australia (W ats.).
“ 35 B. C.’’ (Sm. b. d.), the Illyrians defeated by Octavius. According to M. Antonius (Sueton.
aug. 63), Octavius had sought in marriage the daughter of the Dacian king Cotiso.
jmpn‘‘s o3n4 edB., C.” ( L iv ., and Clint.), expedition of Antony into Armenia, and kin°g Artavasdes
^ One Imndred and twenty-eighth generation. B. C. 34, Sept. ist, mostly beyond youth : the
histoiian I tolemaeus of Mendes; the Greek philosophers, Boethus of Sidon, Athenaeus of Seleucus,
Nestor of Tareus, and Pollio of Tralles ; the physicist Athenodorus of Tarsus ; the historians Tim-
agenes, Nicolaus of Damascus, and Dionysius of Halicarnassus ; the grammarians Tyrannién the
younger, Conon, Demetrius of Adramyttium, and Didymus ; the rhetors, Timagenes of Alexandria,
Theodorus of Gadara, Caecilius, tiermagoras the younger, and Dionysius of Pergamus ; other
OF AC COM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S. 4 5 7
Greek writers, Parthenius : the Latin writers, the poets Tibullus, Propertius, Qnmt.hus Crem onens/,
Varius Rufus, Aemilius Macer ; the historian Livius ; the orators Munatius Plancus, AtraUnus ; the
o-rammarian Caecilius Epirota; the editor Plotius Tucca; the rhetors Porcius Lforo, CesUus of
U y r n a , Passienus, Albutlus Silo, M. Seneca Rhetor; other Latin "•nters C. Melissus, lu lliu s
Tiro, C. Asinius Pollio, Messala Corvinus; the Roman actors, Pylades, and Bathyllus; the Roman
ft'"""“ -a B C ” (D io and Clint.), Media and Armenia conquered by the Parthians (Persians).
“ T b '. C. = ‘kien-chi,’ ist year Tching-ti or Hiao-tching-ti, of the H an ” or Seventh dynasty
iChin“e Isne tchhirso ny.e atarb”l e(J, aapn. dc ePnatuetnh.. cpo.m 2m53.) .9 5), a ravine dyked in Japan by the emperor^ »S ujm ; formi■ng
a reservoir * from which water was drawn as required to irrigate rice-fields. — Similar constructions,
some resembling small lakes, “ are now to be met with in many parts of Japan.”
“ At this time ” (P lut, and Clint.), Xhe Libraries at Pergamus said to contain “ two hundred thou-
""“" /b o u T th is time (see Percev. i. 186), Conos son of Maadd, seeking to expel his brofoer Nizar
from the Mecca territory, driven away by the people. Nizar was elected chief, and is reckoned the
ninet“ee3n1,t hS epprto.g 2endi”to (rD oifo ,M Bolhaairm, manedd . Clint.), at Actium, Antony andC leopatra d, efre at. edjn • aval com7 - .
T o/ U T ” (Porphyr., Oros., and Clint.), death of Antony ; and on “ Sept. 30th,” of Cleopatra;
the independence of Egypt ceasing, and Octavius becoming the undisputed master of the Roman
tavorld — From this time r a /;/disappears from the Egyptian coinage.
The removal o f obelisks from Egypt, initiated by Octavius. He also continued the temple at
Dendera ; and his hieroglyphic ovals occur at Talmis, Kalabsheh, Debot, Dendur, Philæ, and on the
tempCleo rton eIlsiuiss aGt aTllhues,b easp.p ointed by him prefect over Egypt, is accused of perm.i tt.i ng statues of. .h.imself
to be erected, and of having pillaged the city of Thebes. ^
“ In this year ” (Jap. centen. comm. 88, see also Art de verif.), end of the reign of Sujin. He
was succeeded by Suinin or Synin, third son of the dairo Siunsin, and now eleventh dairo of Japan.
“ B. C. 29, and under Suinin ” (Jap. centen. comm. 59), “ human figures were formed of clay to
be buried together with the deceased members of the imperial family, and m this manner to replace
the servants who were otherwise obliged to accompany their masters mto the .
“ In this year” (D io, and Clint.), Third closing of the temple of Janus, the Romans being at
peace among themselves and with all nations. , , , ,
Reseda lateóla of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain w eld or wooM ox
yellow-weed, in Spain “ gualda” (Prior), in Greece “ ohistra,” in Egypt “ uæhæ ” or “ blyhah ; the
LVT V/v\ of Vitruvius, — Virgil, used for dyeing according to Phny xxxiii. 26, is refen ed here by bee .
R. luteola is termed “ luteola herba salicis folio ” by Tournefort inst. 423. is known to occur along
roadsides and in waste ground throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pl. 320, and Pers.), and continues
to be employed for dyeing yellow. Eastward, was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard
from the Dardanelles to the Peloponnesus. Farther South, was observed by Forskal, Delile, and
CIot-Bey, in gardens and growing spontaneously around Cairo. By^ European colonists was^/ar-
ried to Northeast America, where it has been observed “ along roadsides in W. New York etc. (A.
^ T a l i x caprea of Europe and Northern Asia. The “ errática ” willow distinguished from the cultivated
kind by Vitruvius viii. 13, - mentioned also by Pliny xix. 8, is referred here by B.llerteck :
S. caprea is termed “ s. latifolia rotunda” by Tournefort inst. 591 ; is known to grow in Italy and
throu»hout Northern and middle Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Vaill., Thuill., fl. Lap. pl. 8,
Hook , Pers., and Pollini) ; and according to Lindley, all the sallows should probably be comprehended
under tliis species. Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent m certain
localities in the Peloponnesus ; by Pallas, on the Ural mountains ; and is known to grow throughout
Subarctic Asia (Wats., and A. D ec.). The species is officinal in the Dublin pharmacopæa, and m
that of London for 1S24 (L in dl).
* Pinus densifora of Northern Japan. Called by the Ainos “ kui,” by the Japanese ‘ aka mats
(Sieb.), and from early times used by them in hydraulic constructions “ m very damp ground —
(jap. centenn. comm. 93) : described by Sieb. and Zucc. ; known to grow foroughout Japan as far
as Y eso; ancl enumerated by Siebold p. 41 and 170 among the kinds especially fit for shipbuilding
and supplying masts. The “ kouai ” of the Q iinese and “ finoki ” or “ saki-kousa of the ^ panese,
enumerated in the San-kokf transl. Klapr. among the productions of Yeso, may be compared.
58
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