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822 CFIRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
observed by Flacourt i. 36. 26 extremely abundant on the Northern portion of the island, and identi
fied by him with the “ cardamomum maius ” of European drug-shops ; observed also on Madagascar
by Sonnerat ii. pl. 137 (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, observed
under cultivation there by Bojer. The seeds according to J. E. Smith have none of the vehement
hot acrid taste of grains-of-paradise (Lindl.).
Fallen gumtnifera of Madagascar. A woody Apocynous vine called “ voua-héné,” — observed
by Bojer around Tamatave in tlie extensive forest along Ivoundrou river, yielding caoutchouc abundantly.
By European colonists, the plant carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated there : and
from transported specimens, described by Poiret enc. suppl v. 409 (Boj , and Lindl.).
“ 1449 A. D. (Churchill coll.), Gonsalo Velio visiting the Azores, found no inhabitants ; but discovered
the statue of a man on horseback, pointing with his right hand West, and some characters
not understood carved on the rock beneath. — Since ascertained to be one of the islands presenting
some general resemblance to such a statue (Humb.).
“ The same year” (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Matthæus Palmerius.
“ Towards the middle of the 15th century ” (biogr. univ. and O. S. 148), Cuba at Salerno, where
he had a greenhouse, writing the Ortus Sanitatis. — The edition of 1485 is enumerated by Sprengel
as the “ third.”
Cassia sophera of Tropical Asia. Called in Egypt “ soffeyr ; ” in which we recognize the
“ suffire” ofthe Ortus Sanitatis 334,--and “ sophera” of Honorius Bellus (Spreng.); C. sophera
was observed by A.pinus, Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt ; and farther South, by
Browne in Darfour. Eastward, by Rheede ii. pl. 52 in Malabar ; by Graham “ common in uncultivated
places during the rains ” as far as Bombay ; by Roxburgh, as far as Bengal ; by Burmann pl.
98, in Ceylon ; by Mason, indigenous in Burmah.
Veronica hedercefolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain henbit or
morgeline from the French, in medieval Latin “ mors gallinæ ” (Prior) : the “ morsus gallinæ ” is
mentioned in the Ortus Sanitatis 301: — V. hederifolia is termed “ v. cymbalariæ folio verna ” by
Tournefort inst. 145 ; and is known to occur in waste and cultivated ground throughout middle
Europe. Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and Constantinople.
By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in “ shaded places,
Long Island to Pennsylvania, scarce” (A, Gray).
Lam ium amplexicaule of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain dead-nettle (Prior), in
Japan “ mogura ” or “ irakusa ” (Thunb.), and the “ urtioa mortua ” bf the Ortus Sanitatis ~ may be
compared: L. amplexicaule is termed “ 1. folio caulem ambiente minus” by fournefort inst. 184;
and is known to grow in Barbary, 'the Canaries, and throughout middle Europe as far as Moscow and
Sweden (Munby, Benth., and Fries). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in Southern
Greece ; by Delile, in cultivated ground at Damietta in Egypt ; is known 10 grow around Caucasus,
in Siberia as far as Lake Baikal, in Persia, Cabul, and throughout the whole range of the
Himalaya mountains (Ledeb., and Bentli.) ; was observed by Thunberg in Japan, frequent in cultivated
ground. By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to grow
in waste places, and (according to Hooker, and A. Decandolle) from Canada to Louisiana.
“ In this year” (Burm. hist, and Mason 51), BhUren-Narapadi still reigning in Ava, unsuccessful
attempt by the Chinese to capture Monhyin and Mogaung.
“ 1450 A. D. = tst year of King-ti,” acting Chinese emperor; his brother Yng-tsoung III. having
been taken prisoner in Tartary.
“ In this year” (Remus, trav. C. Zeno 5), Giausa or Jehan Shah, king of Persia, defeated
and dethroned by Hassan Beg; who from this time was called Uznn Hassan (the tall king, transl.
Grey).
“ 1451, Feb. Sth ” (Nicol.), a synod at Saltzburg. On the reformation of the monasteries of
that province.
“ In this year” (ann. Jap. transl. Tits., and San-kokf transl. Klapr.), first arrival in Japan of
people of the Loo Choo Islands. — They have continued to come to the present day for purposes of
traffic.
“ In this year (= 855 A. PI.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Mohammed Shah succeeded by Kutb Shah, now
fourth Muslim king of Guzerat.
“ 1452 A. D.”'(Alst. p. 226 and 307), Murad. II. succeeded by his son Mohammed II., ninth
Turkish sultan. Who before the close of the year captured and laid waste Athens.
“ On the day of Pentecost” (Nicol.), a'synod at Magdeburg. “ For the reformation of the
canons regular.”
“ In this year (= 3d year king-thai,” Remus, iii. 97 to 99), an ambassador with tribute sent to
China from Cambodia.
“ 1453 A. D.” (Blair), English power in France terminated by the battle at Castillon.
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 82'
“ The same year” (art de verif.), Djakmak succeeded by Othman El-Mansur; and before the
close of the year, by Ynal, thirty-second Memluk sultan of Egypt.
“ In this year” (Burm. hist., and Mason 27), Hattiraza with the title of Byanya reigning in Pegu.
“ The same year” (Alst. p. 307), Constantinople captured by the Turks under Mohammed II.
End of the Greek or Byzantine empire.
1454 A. D. ( = “ 45 years after the death of Mulana Ibrahim,” Raffles x.), in Java, death of
Niai Gedi Pinateh of Kamboja. (The date probably taken from her tomb at Gresik.)
“ I4SS. Mardi 28th” (Major pr. H. 139 and edit. Bethenc. p. xxxiii), in a galley fitted out by
prince Plenry and Vicente Dias appointed sailing captain, Vicente Cadamosto arriving at Madeira:
there were now four settlements on the island, including one at Camara dos lobos, eight hundred
armed men, and sawmills at the mouths of the principal streams.
Continuing his voyage, Cadamosto touched at the Canary Islands and found Grand Canary,
Teneriffe, and Palma as yet unsubdued : there “ were*plenty of men of arms to defend them, and
the mountain heights were difficult of access,” They “ went naked, except some few who wore goats’-
skins,” and “ painted their bodies with the juice of herbs, green, red, and yellow, producing beautiful
devices ; ” “ were wonderfully strong and active, could take enormous leaps, and throw with great
strength and skill ; ” “ had no fixed religion, but some worshipped the sun, some the moon, and
others the planets ; ” and “ when one of their chiefs came into possession of his estate,” some selfdevoted
victim would offer “ to die in honour of the festival,” and would throw “ himself from a great
height into the valley.”
After discovering the Cape Verde Islands and visiting the mouth of the Senegal, Cadamosto
proceeded South to the “ Gambra ; ” but the natives proving hostile, returned. — On a subsequent
voyage, leaving in the “ beginning of May,” he went ten miles up the “ Gambra,” and found some of
the natives professing the Mahommedan religion.
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus of Equatorial Africa. Kidney beans of the finest quality observed
by Cadamosto in Senegal, big as our long hazel nuts, speckled with variegated colours, in shape
broad low and of a lively red, some of them are white and beautiful (lond. coll. voy. 1789): the
“ botor” —is also described by Adanson (Steud.). Eastward, P. tetragonolobus was observed by
Bojer naturalized along the margin of cultivated ground in the Mauritius Islands, and called “ pois
carrés : ” by Graham, “ commonly cultivated in gardens ” at Bombay, and called “ chandaree ” or
“ charputtee,” or in English chevaux de frize bean; observed also by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other
parts of Hindustan. Farther East, enumerated by Mason v. p, 466 as “ exotic” in Burmah, called
“ pai-myeet,” and the young pods “ eaten like French beans:” described byRumphiusv.pl. 133:
observed by Blanco in the Philippines, called in Tagalo “ calamismis,” and the pods eaten both by
natives and Europeans.
“ Apr. 8th ” (Alst., and Nicol.), Nicolaus V. succeeded by cardinal Alphonso Borgia, now
Calixtus III., fifty-fifth pope.
“ The same year” (Blair), in England, civil w'ar. Plenry VI. defeated and taken prisoner at
St. Albans, in the first battle between the “ Houses of York and Lancaster.”
Helleborus viridis of the mountains of middle Europe. Called in Britain green hellebore (Prior),
and introduced from the neighbouring continent as early perhaps as this date, — no instance of its
spontaneous growth being known to Gerarde p. 825 : a century later, localities are mentioned by Ray
p. 271, and the plant has since become naturalized (Bromf. and Wats.); H. viridis is known to
occur also in Normandy and Holland (Plard., and prodr. fl. Bat.), and wild on the mountains of
Austria (Jacq. austr. pl. io6, and Pers.), as far according to A. Decandolle g. b. p. 759 as Greece.
By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has escaped from cultivation on
“ Long Island” near New York (A. Gray). “ Said by Stevenson and Churchill to be the best substitute
for H. Orientalis, though less active,” but according to Pereira “ rarely or never emploved”
(Lincll)
“ 1456 A. D.” (J. R. Plind, and Humb. cosm. i. i), the first comet whose orbit has been calculated
solely from European observations. It is called “ Hailey’s comet,” and through its period of revolution
= “ 74, 91 to 77, 58 yrs ” is found to be identical with the comet of 1378 in the Chinese table, —
making “ nine” known returns down to 1835.
“ In this year” (H. PI. Wils. dram, hind. i. p. xxii), accession of Praud’lia or Pratapa Deva as
king of Vijayanagar. — He reigned until “ 1477.”
By his desire, Kallinatha wrote a comment on the Sangita-Ratnakara of Sarngi-Deva, a treatise
on singing and dancing and dramatic literature — (H. PI. Wils.).
“ 1457 A. D. = ‘ thian-chun,’ the empire recovered by Yng-tsoung I I I ,” (Chinese chron, table).
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