foi
2gQ CH RO NO LO G ICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
to grow from Italy throughout middle ^ ^ “P U ^ L lrop IU /ofoM lts, wasxarrfed to^Northeast Amer-
Pers ), becoming often a troublesome weed By P ‘ Western N ew England and the neighthe
smoke of the leaves continues to be inhaled “ ^amM d ^ p nm ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
Andropogon angustifohus of Europe rod 0 f . 0 1 ° f, L _ : Thrace, and said to stop
France “ barbon pied de P°°’® i / / / J 3) stliffed ?n the nose according to Pliny
the bleeding even of an opened T U + P U a . angustifolius was observed
xxv. 45, its leaves “ asperis et lanuginosta,” is ;-® f® ;U lT n esn r to U nU antinofo Westward, the
by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chartard, from the to arrest bleeding A. angus-
“ ischaemomem” according to Pliny grows 0 0 ” by Tournefort inst. 520; and is
tifolius is termed “ gramen dactylon angust ^ ^ inmie Furooe (Hall hist. ii. 203, Jacq. austr.
known 10 grow In Sw it.erl.nd n ni a . ^ oteorred b , GerardI gallopr.
S : f i r ; r + n o f f o a S b Z b + Z Z a n ' d ’ lerniod »a. „ » ..n . » bg tdnrnrob d. b . (Bora,
and Steud.), is regarded by J. E. rtjith as distinct
Tz/fe.b «¿az-z«/K of Europe a « tlto «jotm n p «tru fiel” (Grieb), in France “ truffe ”
inson “ trubbes,” in Italy “ tartuffola J , ! / ) ; _ ;n \J ic h we recognize the “ tuber” identified
(Nugent), in Greece “ tkitos ot U the “’it6 n ” or “ itnon” is mentioned also by Galen,
by Pliny with foe “ iton ’ / ‘U „ to 6. 9, by Dioscorides as a and Aetius ; the “ uthnos, by Tteophrastus t. i. / y. athenaeus ii. r6o0u : nTdi.s hci beadriibulme rwoaost
dug in foe Spring, and by ApoUonms //^ U p o n n ls u s to Cyprus, sought for according to Walpole
observed by Sibthorp, and Jraas, 1 (.,¡3 journey through the region around
mem. 284 with a dtvining-rod; « 0 was met w t J n to 13 was met with by Lartius
Sinai (Kitt. p. 28i)._ Westward, foe “ tubOT Barbroy ; is also mentioned by
Licinius m Spam, is produced also m a ^ , Tournefort inst 565 ; and is known to grow
Martial xiii. 47 : T. cibarium ta te r ^ d Srtth. oxon. 398)-
throughout middle Europe ro far as Brita ( Mahavamsi iv.), Mudda or Munda succeeded
. 484 B. C. ( = 502 - “ .8 y® U 0 7 - ¿ 0 / c L ; K foa var/n in th / Avadana asok. (Burn. i. 358).
'’I T , b £ £ f Z £ f o . . b ot D a ri.. - » a C lin,.), Eggp, r.covnied by
f o f r . yea," (Gaubil p ir f). the Chou.bins coaip l.d Irom ..c io n . hWoriaa. by Kbonng-Bou
or Confucius. o , E g a a lo ty A frica
“ gingembre” (Nugent), in Italy zenzere or q . ; “ adrak ” or “ ada”
jeb il” (Forsk.), in Sanscrit “ ardrukum ” or in Burmah “ khy-
( D ’ r o z . ) , in Hindustanee “ south, in Te i0 ’ui„w a” (Blanco) - and “ gingembre ” was
i . i . g - f o a , o „ ) , Tagplo l-b » / f o f o b .p d .e l.c d ancl cxpoc
len-
not
s7 in g ” /M a so n ), in T a ^ lo “ c U tT U e U o J I prIseTved rod exported
avoided by K U n g - t s e u Iro-yu x 0 m h.s cultivation on foe P h ilip p ic s; 0
in large quantities J ™ ’ r o f “ e x o ti!” and “ cultivated to a small extent” in B u rm « ;
Loureiro 1. 2, in Anam^; by Mason v 495 Fi;nrliistan from foe elevation of five thousand feet
is known to be extensively cultivatecUhroug Bv Rheede xi. pl. 12 in Malabar; by Graon
foe Himalaya to Cape Comorm (Drur-fo ° observed by Forskal under cultivation in
ham, as far as Surat. Westward from U / ’J / j / U U t j i g D n d s to Zanzibar, and recog-
Yemen ; by myself, the root brought m country; “ ginger of Zannized
by Wanyamuesi from Interior Africa as a production Abvssiniaand called by Negroes
U eb ar ” is mentioned by .rtd-allatif; ginger brought s re/d e" d by
U ym bane,” was found + Caiiiiaud rare / / n e s t h e n s r Andreas,
Joebel as in d ig e n o u s in Gu,n e a (D r ^ -Hpntifipd bv Galen wi th the “ z ig g iv g r i ” or “ z in g ib e r ; ^
X e n o c r a t e s , and D io s c o r id e s 0 Alexandria, IS 1 / g r o w in g m o s t ly in “ t r o g lo lh u t ik e
mentioned by Celsus v. 23; by Dioscondro, 0 " J ®/“ 0 X 0 /^ ™ tcoglodytica;” the Greek and
aravia,” but by Pliny xii. 14 foe lo u I c T lf S p l y t « island of Zanzibar. By
Latin name is clearly geograph.cal, d®r0® f j n o w extensively cultivated
( W : X 1o « ' U « / l 0 a 'n T t//^ ^ Islands (Boj.). The roo^ ccord in g to Lmdley ,s
“ one"of the most valuable of■ aromatics, carminative, stimulant, sialogogu e.__________ _________________
O f Japan. The ‘G nelon” too bitter to b^ ® " 7 Ute'r/rb®£^^^^
mentioned b y Khoung-tseu I r o -0 X0U 7^ > 0 0 e and a preparation of the fruit
f a f o £ ' , £ D . » f o a . i o a a „ y ,0 B a la .la aari . . . . lo Emop.,
“ 483 B. C.” (Herodot., and Clint.), ostracism or banishment from Athens of the statesman Aristides.
A transaction much celebrated.
“ In this or the preceding year ( = 245 yrs ” after its foundation, Thucyd. vi. 4, and Sm. b. d.),
Megara in Sicily destroyed by G elon; who removed the principal citizens to Syracuse, including
Epicharmus a pupil of Pythagoras. — Of the comedies of Epicharmus, the only one whose date is
certainly known is the Nasoi “ in 477.”
The followiniB form of the letter 0 is said to have been first used by Epicharmus (Aristot., and
Plin. vii, 57).
“ fenouil,
Greece “ agriömalathrön” (Sibth.) L. ------- , ,, b - 1
“ savin ” (Kirch.) or “ tshamar hööut” (ms. Par.), in which we recognize the MAPA6A of Epichar-
mus, — Anaxandrides, Archestratus, Athenaeus ii. 47 to 83, or “ marathrön ” of the Hippocratic
treatises. Demosthenes, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and Galen: F. vulgare was observed by Forskal,
Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Eraas, frequent in fallow ground from the Peloponnesus to the Dardanelles.
Seeds called “ schamer” are enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as brought for medicinal use from
Upper Egypt,” and the living plant was seen by him under cultivation on the mountains of Yemen.
Westward, the “ marathrus ” is mentioned by Ovid, and Columella; is identified by Pliny with foe
“ foeniculum,” mentioned by Celsus, and others; and a gum-like exudation procured from it in Iberia
or Spain is mentioned by Dioscorides and Pliny xx. 95 ; F. vulgare is described by Lobel pl. 775,
and Dodoens pl. 295 ; is termed “ f. vulgare minus acriori et nigriori semine ” by Tournefort inst. 311;
is known to occur in cultivated and waste ground throughout middle Europe (Pers.), and has become
naturalized in Britain (A. Dec.). Eastward from Arabia, was observed by Wight, and Graham, under
cultivation in Hindustan and called “ owa ; ” by Thunberg, cultivated in Japan from seeds brought from
China, and called “ sen rio ” or “ kure no womo.” By European colonists, was carried to Northeast
America, where it continues under cultivation in our Middle and Southern States ; to Austral America,
observed by A. Saint-Hilaire naturalized at Montevideo, by myself in other localities; and to the
Ha’waiian Islands, where also I found it naturalized. According to Lindley, “ oil of w ild fennel is
obtaiFnoeden fircoumlu mfo ed ufrkuei to.”f the Mediterranean countries. Possibly the “ maratlia ” of Epicharmus, —
and others, mentioned as esculent by Dioscorides : F. dulce is described by C. Bauhin pin. 147; is
usually considered by Italian writers “ a cultivated variety o f” the preceding, but is regarded by
Decandolle, and Lindley, as a distinct species : is known to occur also in Portugal, and “ oil of sweet
fen n el\s obtained from the fruit” (L indl.).
Sium sisarum of Eastern Asia. Called in Britain skirrel, in old English “ skyrwyt ” or
“ skyrwort,” in Holland “ suiker-wortel ” (Prior), in Germany “ zuckerwurzel,” in Italy “ sisaro ”
(Lenz) ; in which we recognize the i I iSAPOfo of Epicharmus, — Opion, D iodes, Heraclides Taren-
tinus, Dioscorides, Soranus Ephesius, Galen, Athenaeus iii. 91, Paulus Aegineta, three roots of which
according to Hicesius no one can continuously e a t: S. sisarum seem s no longer cultivated in G ieece
(Fraas). Westward, the “ siser” is mentioned by Horace sat. ii. 8. 9, Celsus, Columella, roots from
the cool climate of the Rhine were annually imported by Tiberius, and its cultivation in Italy is
further mentioned by Pliny xix. 28 and xx. 17 : S. sisarum is described by Tragus 912 ; and is known
to be cultivated in Italy and middle Europe a.s far as Britain (Blackw. pl. 514, and Spreng.). Eastward
from Greece, was observed by Burmann pl. 29 in Hindustan and called “ ninsi ; ” is known to
grow in China (P ers.) ; and was observed by Kaempfer amoen. pl. 818, and Thunberg in Japan, and
called “ mukago nisin ” or “ sjakima.” By European colonists, was carried 0 or to 1656 to Northeast
America, being enumerated in Bradford’s poem as successfully cultivated in New England, but has
since disappeared.
Cynara cardunculus of the W est Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain cardoon (Prior),
in France “ cardon ” (A. D ec.), in Germany “ kardon ” (Fraas), in Italy “ cardo” (L enz): the
KAKTOiS of Epicharmus,— growing according to Theophrastus vi. 4 only in Sicily, the flowers
changing into pappus and foe stem called “ kaktos ” and eaten, mentioned also in D elet. pharm. 33,
and by Pliny xxi. 57, is referred here by writers : C. cardunculus is described by Anguillara, and
Dalechamp (Spreng.) ; is known to grow wild in Barbary and Southern France, is besides cultivated
throughout middle Europe for the edible stalk’and midrib of the leaves (P ers.). Eastward, is known
to occur on Crete (Pers.) ; and the “ kaktos.” was known to Athenaeus ii. 70 in Egypt. By European
colonists, C. cardunculus was carried to Northeast America, observed by myself under cultivation
in our Middle States ; to Austral America, where it has become naturalized and abundant on foe
pampas or plains from the Uruguay and La Plata (A. Saint-Hil., and A. D ec.) to Patagonia, observed
there by myself along the Rio Negro.
Origanum vulgäre of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain organy (Prior)
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