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In or about this year, arrival in Java of the two sons of the Chinese princess ; Raden Patah
“ twenty” years old, and his half-brother Husen “ eighteen.” Raden Patah did not proceed to the
court at Majapahit, but remained incognito at Ampel in communion with Raden Rachmat.
As early perhaps as this year (see addit. art de verif.), expedition of the Inca Tupac Yupanqui
Northward against the provinces of Chinchasuyu.*
“ 1458 A. D.” (Galvan.), the city of Alcager in Africa captured by Alfonso V. of Portugal.
“ In this year” (Alst. p. 217), books from the sacking of Athens and Constantinople, purchased
tliroughout the Turkish empire bv the king of Hungary Matthias Hunniades Corvinus, and brought to
Buda! —Sixty-eight years later, when Buda was captured by the Turks, the Library disappeared, and
was said to have been “ burned,” but (according to the gazettes) has recently been discovered uninjured
in Constantinople.
“ About this time ” (Spreng.), Joann. Jacob de Manliis writing.
Archangelica officmalis of Northern Europe. A large umbelliferous plant called in Britain archangel,
in medieval Latin “ archangelica” (Park., Nemn., and Prior), in Germany “ angelick” or
“ brustwurtzel” (Tragus); descnbed by J. J. de Manliis — (Spreng.), Tragus i. 140, and termed “ a.
sativa ” by Miller: known to grow in “ watery places” from Lapland throughout Northern Europe as
far as France and Switzerlrnd (fl. Dan. pi. 206, Pers., and A. Dec.) : its large fleshy pungently aro-
nnitic root extolled by the Laplanders “ not only as food but medicine,” the stems “ roasted in hot
ashes ” eaten in coughs and pectoral disorders, and the flowers boiled in milk to the consistence of an
extract used also mídicinally (Stev. and Church): its roots leaves and seeds “ are certainly good
aromatic tonics ” (Lindl.).
Asperula tinctoria oi Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The “ spargula ” or “ rubea
tinctorum minor” of J. J. de Manliis — may be compared : A. tinctoria is described by Tabernmmon-
tanus pl. 433 ; is termed “ a. rubeola” by Lamarck fl. Fr. ; is known to grow from Sweden through-
(,ut middle Europe and in Siberia, the root red (Pers.) ; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia; by
Sibthorp, around Constantinople ; by Pallas trav. i. 95, used in dyeing on the Volga.
Galium Anglicum of middle and Western Europe. The “ purpurea” kind of “ lappago ” mentioned
by J. J. de Manliis — (Trag. i. 167) may be compared : G. Anglicum is termed “ g. parisiense
tenuifolium flore atropurpúreo ? ” by Tournefort, “ g. rubrum ” by Pollich ; is described also by Ray
iii. pl. 9, and Hudson ; and is known to grow from Britain to Spain and Switzerland (Brot., Bertoi.,
Lam., and Pers.).
Scabiosa succisa of middle and Western Europe. Called in Britain devil's bit (Prior), in Saxon
“ ffendis bitt ” (gl. Bodl, 178, and Cockayne), in Germany “ teüfels abbiss,” in the Ortus Sanitatis
261 and by Braunsweig “ morsus diaboli ” and “ jacea nigra” (Trag.), and figured by J. J. de Manliis
p. 173 —(Spreng.) : described also.by Brunfels ; and known to grow in moist situations throughout
middle Europe as far as the Pyrenees "(Curt. lond. pl. 10, Pers., Lapeyr., and A. Dec.).
hiula oculus-Christi of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece “ agrios-
karphe” (Sibth): and the “ oculus Christi ” of J. J. de Manliis—is referred here by Sprengel and
others: I. oculus Christi is described by Clusius hist. ii. 20, is termed “ aster pannonicus lanuginosus
luteus ” by Tournefort inst. 482, is known to grow in mountainous situations in France
and Germany (Jacq. austr. pl. 223, and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus.
. . . . . , , i--<—. 1 .1. ___ __ a.! OT A..Jo t it-i daftf
máximo flore purpurascente ” by Tournefort inst. 193 ; is known to grow from Britain throughout
middle Europe (Engl. bot. pl. 557, Lam. fl. fr., and Jacq. austr..pi. 26); was observedby Sibthorp, and
Chaubard, on mount Athos and the mountains of the Peloponnesus.
Hieracium auricula oi Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Germany “ gros
meüsor” orfrom the hairs “ pilosella” (Trag.); and the piLOSeLLA. of J. J. de Manliis, eaten
* Persea gratissima of Eastern Equatorial America. The avocado called “ palta” (Velasq.
diet), in Carib “ aouaca” (Desc.), in Mexican “ ahuaca quavhill ” (Hern.); and Palta, one of the
provinces in question, produced the delicious fruit of the same name —(addit. art de verif.): the
“ perales” is described by Oviedo nat. hyst 72 as “ a tree of Tierra Firme:” P. gratis.sima was
observed by Hernandez 89 both cultivated and wild in Mexico ; by Sloane ii. pl. 222, in die West
Indies, introduced according to Jacquin obs. i. 38 from the neighbouring continent; and is known
as a forest-tree in the wilds of Caripe in Cumana, and on the Lower Amazons (Nees 129). I rans-
ported to Spain, is described in 1601 by Clusius rar. i. 3; also by European colonists was carried m
1758 (Aubl.) to the Mauritius Islands, where it continues much cultivated, to the Malayan archipelago
after the time of Rumphius (A. Dec.) ; and recently to the environs of Bombay (Graham).
crude, — may be compared : H. auricula was observed by Tragus i. pl. 92 in Germany, its distilled
water employed medicinally; is termed “ h. pilosellæ folio erectum minus ” by Tournefort inst. 471 ;
is known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fi. Dan. pl. 1044, Engl. bot. pi. 2368, and
Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp near Constantinople and on the mountains of Greece.
Graiiola officinalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A species of water-hyssop
called in France “ gratiole ” (Nugent) ; described by J. J. de Manliis, — Baptista Sardus, and Anguillara
268 (Spreng.) ; termed “ gratiola quibusdam gratia dei ” by Matthioli, “ digitalis minima gratiola
dicta” by Tournefort inst. 165 ; seems unknown in Britain, though growing in moist situations from
Denmark and 58° in Russia to the Pyrenees (fl. Dan. pl. 363, Fries, and A. Dec.) Sardinia (Moris)
and Italy (Bertoi.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Gittard, from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor;
by Grisebach, in Thrace ; and is known to grow as far as Turcomania and the Altaian mountains
(Ledeb.).
Equisetum hyemale of Northern climates. Called in Britain scouring rush or shave-grass, in
Holland “ schaaf-stroo ” (Prior), in Germany “ schaffthew ” (Trag.), in France “ prèle” (Nugent);
and the “ cauda caballina” used by turners for polishing cups is mentioned by J. J. de Manliis : —
E. hyemale is clescribed by Tragus ii. pi. 46, Ruel iii. 97, and W. Coles (Eng. bot. pi. 915) ; is'termed
“ e. foliis nudum non ramosum” by Tournefort inst. 533; is known to grow in watery places from
Britain throughout middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia; was observed by Sibthorp on
the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, has been observed by myself from 43° in New England ; by A.
Gray, “ common” in Central New York and “ especially northward;” by Nuttall, along the Ohio,
Missouri, and Arkansas rivers.
Equisetum palustre of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Germany “ klein
schaffthew” (Trag.), and another “ tornatila aliquando asprella ali quando troxia ” is mentioned by
J. J. de Manliis : —E. palustre was observed by Tragus ii. 47 in Germany, used also for scouring
cooking utensils ; is termed “ e. palustre brevioribus setis ” by Tournefort inst. 533 ; is known to
grow from Britain throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pl. 2021) ; and was observed by Sibthorp,
and Bory, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople,
“ Aug. 19th or 27th” (Alst, and Nicol), Calixtus I I I . succeeded by cardinal Æneas Silvi
Piccolomini, now Pius II., fifty-sixth pope. He had written against the errors of the papacy, maintaining
the superiority of the general Councils ; but on being himself made pope, claimed the reverse.
Pius II. also wrote history.
“ In this year ” (Klapr. note to San Kokf), in Japan, the city of Yedo founded by Oo-da-do-kwan.
“ 1459 D. (=863 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph ), Kutb Shah succeeded by Daud Shah, and after
“ one week ” by Mahmud Shah Begarra, —who proved one of the greatest of the kings of Guzerat
and reigned “ fifty-two” years.
“ 1460 A. D.” (Churchill coll), Peter de Cintra and Suero de Costa sailed along the African
coast as far as the place named by them “ Serra Leona.”
Pterocarpus erinaceus of Senegambia. A tree forty to fifty feet high in the woods of the Gambia
and in Senegal and called “ wegne,” the branches when wounded yielding “ a red juice ” that hardens
on exposure into “ the real original gum kino of the shops ” — (Lindl.). From transported specimens,
the tree is described by Lamarck pl 602.
Sterculia (Southivellia) tragacantha of Western Equatorial Africa. Yielding the African gum
tragacanth ; — and according to Lindley (bot. reg. pl 1353, and flor. med.), “ known at Sierra Leone
as the iragacatUh tree," irom. ihe simWanty of the gum “ copiously exuded by it when wounded.”
Eastward, other species of Southwellia occur in Burmah ; where also, according to Mason v. p. 487,
there are several trees of the Sterculia tribe that “ produce an exudation similar to tragacanth” (see
S. urens).
“ In this year” (Velasco, and Markh ), the forces of Quito defeated by the Inca Tupac Yupanqui :
who appointed new governors, and returned in triumph to Cuzco.
“ 1461 A. D.” (Galvan,), by order of Alfonso V. of Portugal, the castle of Arguin built, and the
government assigned to Soeiro Mendez.
In this year” (art de verif), Ynal succeeded by Achmed Abu’l-Fetab, whose name occurs on a
coin figured ¡11 Marcel 185 ; and before the close of the year by Koschkadam, a Greek by birth, and
now thirty-fourth sultan of Egypt.
“ In this year” (Grey transl. C. Zeno 9), Trebizond, under David, the last of the Comneni, captured
by the Turks : his niece, a Christian, was the wife of Hassan Beg, king of Persia.
“ The same year” (Alst. p. 307), the Peloponnesus invaded by the Turks under Mohammed II.
— Who returned three years afterwards, with a large army.
Dianthus barbatus of Eastern Europe, Called in France “ oeillet,” and hence in Britain willie
or william or from its fragrance sweet-william (Prior), in Greece “ ôussôuvia” (Forsk); cultivated
as early probably as this date: — the “ ocellum” from its odour called “ garyophyllum ” is described
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