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690 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
“ 1128 A. D.” (Nicol.), a synod at Ravenna. “ The patriarchs of Aquila and of Venice, or of
Grado,” were deposed. . £ r- i i-
In this year (= 2d year kian-yan of Kao-tsoung,” Remus, mei. in. 88), the prince of Cambodia
raised to the dignity of king.
“ 1130, Feb. lyth ” (Nicol.), Honorius II. succeeded by cardinal Gregory now Innocentius II.,
ei»hth pope. Lotharius II. ruling Germany and Italy ; and David, Scotland.
“ The same year” (art de verif), El-Amr assassinated by emissaries of Ismael ; and the accession
of El-Hafez of the Fatimite dynasty, eighth sultan of Egypt. A com issued by El-Hafez at
Alexandria is figured in Marcel p. 127.
“ 1131, Oct, 19th ” (Nicol.), a synod at Rheims. Wherein “ seventeen canons were published
one of them, prohibiting “ canons regular and monks ” from acting either as “ pleaders or physicians
and another, prohibiting
The “ Dhanvantari ” enumerated as the “ Seventh ” gem in the council of king Vicrama (Navaratna,
and Bentl. as. res. viii. 243) is perhaps the Sanscrit medical writer Susrutas* (called a “ pupil
ada” (Drur.); in Burmah “ bu-gyee-phyoo” (Mason); and apparently the species regarded £
unlucky: —the “ bhantaki” of Susrutas, may be compared; C. infortunatum was observed by
Rheede ii. pl. 25 in Malabar; by Law, Nimmo, and Graham, in the Southern Concan and the environs
of Bombay, common ; by W. Jones as. res. iv. 259, Roxburgh, and Wight, ashlar as Bengal, the
iuice ofthe leaves employed by the natives as a vermifuge, also as a bitter tome and substitute for
chiretta (Drur.); was observed by Burmann z. pl. 29 on Ceylon ; by Mason, indigenous m Burmah.
Cynomorium Philippaise of the Philippines. Parasitic on the roots of trees, entirely red, called
in Tagalo and Bisaya “ capulao ” (Blanco) ; and enumerated by botanical wnters as astringent and
medicinal; —brought from Cebu to Blanco. , , , ,
Ficus lacciftra of Cebu and Negros Island. A tree called in Bisaya “ lagnob ; and the gum lac
produced on it by an insect, regarded by Blanco as probably known in early times ; — the tree seems
confined to the two islands of Cebu and Negros.
Ficus pseudo-palma of the Philippines. A tree called in Tagalo “ niogniogan ; and from identity
in name, supposed to possess equal vermifuge powers with Quisqualis Indica, mentioned in the
native books ; —observed by Blanco.
* Menispirmum (Tinospord) cordifolia of Tropical Hindustan. A woody twining plant called in
Sanscrit “ amrita” or “ guduchi,” in Hindustanee “ gurcha,” in Bengalee “ guluncha” (J. F. Wats.),
in Tamil “ sheendie codie,” in Telinga “ tippatingay ” (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay “ gool-
wail” (Graham); in which we recognize the “ amrita” or “ guduchi” prescribed by Susrutas sutr.
21- to chik. Is : —T, cordifolia was observed by Rheede vii. pl. 21 in Malabar ; by Graham, “ common
everywhere in hedges and jungles” in the environs of Bombay ; by Roxburgh, Ai^he, and
Wight, as far as Bengal and Assam, much used medicinally by the natives, and the guluncha extract
a well-known specific'in the bites of poisonous insects (Drur.).
Capparis aphylla of Plindustan. An arborescent thorny shrub, with only a few small linear
leaves on the younger shoots (Graham) ; and the “ karira” having edible flowers according to .S£-
rutas sutr 46, —is referred here by Hessler; C. aphylla was observed by Elphinstone in the midst
of the Desert on the route to Cabul ; by Powell, and Stewart, in the Punjaub, employed medicinally
by the natives and the buds eaten as a potherb, also the fruit both green and ripe, prepared or pickled
(Drur.) ; by Law, and Graham, from Guzerat to Broach, and “ common in the barren tracts of the
Deccan;’” by Wight, perhaps somewhat farther South. , „ Guatteria longifolia of Tropical Hindustan ? A tall and very handsome tree called m San^nt
“ daru ” or “ devadaru ” or “ pitadaru,” in Bengal “ devadar ” (W. Jones), in Tamil “ deva-dara or
“ asokh ” in Telinra “ asoka ” or “ asoka-chettu ” or “ asokam,” in Hindustanee “ asog (J. P . Wats.),
in the e’nvirons ofteombay “ asoca ” or “ deodar ” (Graham) ; and the “ devadaru ” tree of Susndas,
— and Kalidasa ragh. ii. 36, may be compared ; G. longifolia was observed by Graham “ m gardens
Bombay and the Deccan, the natives have an idea that it is the male of Jonesia asoca; ” by Sonnera
iv. pl. 131, planted by the road sides at Pondicherry ; by W. Jones as. res. iv. 288, and Wight, as ai
Averrhoa carambola of the Malayan archipelago. A small tree called in Sanscrit “ kurmu-
run»a” in Bengalee “ kumurunga” (J. F. Wats.), in the environs of Bombay “ kurmul” (Graham),
in Buémah “ zoung-ya” (Mason) ; and the “ b’havya” of Susrutas sutr. 46, —and Harivansa 126, is
referred here by Plessler ; A. carambola is planted in gardens according to the Ganara inscriptiou
(transl Colebr.); is described by Rumphius i. pl. 35 ; was observed by Rheede 111. pb 43 m Malabai ,
by Graham, common “ in gardens,” its leaves “ very sensitive ; ” by Roxburgh, and Wight, £ " ¡£ 0
in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason, “ exotic ” in Burmah but “ quite naturalized, the
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 691
of Dhanvantari” ). Susrutas — is mentioned in the Puranas (Wils., and Royle antiq. ind. med. 63),
and a commentary on his writings by Ubhatta of Cashmere “ may be as old as the twelfth century”
(Ainsl. ii. præf.).
fruit” making “ a good tart, and there is a variety which bears a sweet fruit ; ” by Nieuhoff, in the
Malayan archipelago, and called “ karembolas.” Transported to Europe, is described by Parkinson,
and Cavanilles vii. pl. 220.
Hibiscus cannabinus of the Siamese countries ? An annual erect plant called in Bengalee and
Plindustanee “ nalkee” (J. F. Wats.), in the environs of Bombay “ ambaree” (Graham), in Telinga
“ gongkura,” at Muttra “ wilaitee sunn” foreign sun-hemp (Royle); and the “ nalica” of Susrutas
sutr. 46, — planted in gardens according to the Cañara inscription, is referred here by Hessler ; H.
cannabinus was observed In Hindustan by Royle fibr. ind., only in the cultivated state; by Graham,
“ commonly cultivated” around Bombay, its leaves eaten “ as greens by the natives,” and hemp “ made
of the fibres of the bark ; ” by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of the peninsula; and by Mason,
in Burmah. Transported to Europe, is described by Miller, Linnæus, and Cavanilles iii. pl. 52 (Pers.,
and Steud.).
Hibiscus iortuosus of Eastern Hindustan. Called in Sanscrit and Bengalee “ bala” (Pidd.) ;
and the “ bala” of Susrutas chik. 15 to kalp. 8,—may be compared; H. Iortuosus is described by
Roxburgh, as observed by him in Bengal, and is enumerated by Irvine among the medicinal plants of
Patna (J. F. Wats.).
Pavonia odorata of Southern Hindustan. A shrub called in Sanscrit “ bala” (Pidd.), in Tamil
“ peramootie,” in Telinga “ mootoo-polagum ” (Drur.) ; and the “ bala” of Susrutas sar. loto chik. 15,
— is referred here by Hessler ; P. odorata was observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, from the Dindigul
hills to Coromandel, an infusion of the root used by the natives as a drink in fevers (Drur.).
Shorea laccifera of Southern Hindustan. A large Dipterocarpous tree called in Ganara “ jalin ”
or “jalari ” (J. F. Wats.), in Telinga “ j.illari,” in Tamil “ talura ” (Drur.) ; and the “ jalini ” of Susrutas
chik. 2 — may be compared; S. laccifera was observed by Roxburgh, Wight, and Beddome,
from Mysore and the Palghaut forests to Wynaad, the timber brought in large quantities to Madras,
and very useful for house-building and other purposes ; a species of lac is also procured from the
tree (Drur.).
Amoora rohituka of Tropical Hindustan. A small Meliaceous tree called in Sanscrit “ rohi-
tuka,” in Telinga “ rohitakah ” (J. F. Wats.), in Malabar “ chemmarum,” in Hindustanee “ hurin-
hura” or “ khana,” in Bengalee “ tikhta-raj” (Drur.); in which we recognize the “ rohitaka” of
SiLsrutas ; — A rohituka was observed by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, from Travancore to Bengal,
an oil extracted from tlie seeds by the natives and used for many economical purposes.
Leea sambucina of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A shrub with elder-like foliage called in
the environs of Bombay “ kurkunnie ” (Graham), in Telinga “ ancadoo ” or “ ankadosa” (J. F. Wats.),
in Bengal “ kakajangQa ” (W. Jones), in Burmah “ ka-let” (Mason); and the “ kakajang’ha ” prescribed
by Susrutas chik. 19 to 37, — may be compared : L. sambucina was observed by Rheede ii.
pl. 26 in Malabar ; by Graham, “ ii> the densest parts of the jungle ” in the environs of Bombay and
on the Ghauts, also by myself ; by Burmann ind. pl. 24, W. Jones as. res. iv. 260, and Wight, as far
as Bengal ; by Mason, in Burmah.
Ailanthus excelsa of Tropical Hindustan. A large pinnate-leaved tree called in Sanscrit “ aralu ”
or“ araloo” (Ainsi., and Pidd.), in Tamil “ peroomarum,” in Telinga “ peddamanoo” (Drur.); in
which we recognize the “ aralu” prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 38 to chik. 17;—A. excelsa was
observed by Lush, and Gibson, from Broach “ thinly scattered over the Deccan” (Graham); by
Roxburgh cor. i. pl. 28, Ainslie, and Wight, as far as the Circars, its bark aromatic and used medicinally
by the natives, its wood light but not durable, much used for sword-handles and sheaths for
spears, also for catamarans (Drur.).
Putranjiva Roxburghii of Tropical Hindustan. A very elegant tree with dark green foliage,
called in Sanscrit “ pootrunjiva,” in Telinga “ putrajiva” or “ putra-jivi-chettu ” (J. F. Wats.) or
“ kuduru-juvee,” in Malabar “ pongolam ” (Drur.); in which we recognize the “ putranjiva” or
“ putranjivaka ” prescribed by Susrutas chik. 19; — P. Ro.xburgliii was observed by Rheede vii. pl.
59 io Malabar; by Law, Nimmo, and Graham, in the Concans and environs of Bombay; by Royle,
common along the foot of the Himalayas; by Roxburgli, Ainslie, Wallich, and Wight, as far as
Coromandel, Onde, and Nepaul, i ts wood used for house-building and agricultural implements, its
leaves lor fodder, and its fruit made into necklaces by the Bramins (Drur.).
Celastrus montanus of Tropical Hindustan. A thorny shrub called in Telinga “ danti” or
“ danti-chettu ” (J. !•'. Wats.) ; and the “ danti” whose root is prescribed by Susrutas su'r. 36 to
chik. 2, — may be compared ; C. montana was observed by Graham “ exceedingly common on hills
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