i l l
“ 1769 to 1770 A. D .” (Spreng.), arrival of Mariti in the East. — He remained there “ e igh t”
years.
“ 1770, March 5 th ” (Gordon, and Holmes), in Boston after an affray, the soldiers insulted, and
one on receiving a blow fired at the aggressor ; a single discharge from six others followed, and of the
citizens three were killed and five dangerously wounded. “ April 12th,” the repeal of the new duties
signed by the king: reserving that on tea, to keep up the claim of sovereignty; in effect, leaving the
cause of contention between the two countries in full force. An act had been passed by Parliament,
“ P'or securing the dependence of America on Great Britairi.”
“ May 16 ” (trav. ii. 19), leaving Oufa, Pallas proceeded among the Ural mountains and through
the Baschkir country to Kaslinskoï, “ June 1 7 th : ” he here took the main route, reached Ekaterinbourg
“ in ,56° 40' ” on the “ 23d,” and “ July 4th ” the Toura tributary of the Obi in the Vogoul country.
Pallas ii. 364 found the Vogouls small in stature and effeminate, having very little beard [Mongolians),
and somewhat resembling the Calmuks but whiter; living in the forest, altogether by hunting and
chiefly on the elk, having a very few dogs, and cows kept around their cabins, but no oUier domestic
animals ; each community having enclosures miles in diameter ; those dw'elling along rivers capturing
fish and making canoes either of the trunk of a tree or of birch bark; they never eat salt, enjoy excel?
lent health, and use no medicines ; their language seems related to the Finnish ; all profess themselves
Christians, but they have secret rites, sacrifices to idols, invoke particular divinities, and have retained
much of their ancient religious views. Returning as far as Tcheliabinsk “ Aug. 4th,” after various
excursions he left “ Dec. i6th,” and on the “ 20th ” reached Tobolsk on the Irtich “ in 58° 12'.”
Nicetas Sokolof, sent in the early spring to the Caspian, rejoined Pallas at Tcheliabinsk “ in
September,” having met with Onosma divaricata, Salsola laniflora, Amaryllis Caspica, Cheiranthus
tomentosus., Asij'agalus caiidatus., and Scorzonera piisilla.
“ The same y e a r ” (Pauth. 453), the Tourgaouts withdrawing from Russian rule on the Volga,
after reaching the Hi, asked and obtained protection from the Chinese emperor Kien-loung.
“ The same y e a r ” (Pauth. 32), eleven years after the death of P. Gaubil, his translation of the
Chou-King published by De Guignes at Paris.
“ In this y e a r ” (Pers.), Ellis describing plants in Act. angl. Ix, including Dionæa muscipula.—
Pie died “ in 1776.”
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), Desportes publishing his Maladies de St. Dom.
“ In this y e a r ” (J. E. Smith ed. fl. lapp.), Chr. Frils Rottboll describing plants in Act. Hafn. x.,
among others Stellaria humifusa pl. 4.
“ In this year ” (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Jacquin publishing his Hort. Vindobon., — completed
“ in 1776,” — enumerating Geum album ii. pl. 175.
Convolvulus farinosus of Madeira. Transported to Europe, described by Jacqnin hort. vind. i.
pl. 35, — and Linnæus mant. ii. 203 : said by Sibthorp to occur along hedges and in cultivated ground
in Mysia, Livadia, and the Peloponnesus, but there is no specimen in his herbarium (Lindl.).
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), Davides Cranz publishing his Hist. Groenl., enumerating “ eighty-:
phanerog. plants.
“ In this y e a r ” (Winckl.), after the Second volume, Oeder publishing the Third volume of the
Flor. dan., enumeratmg* Draba nivalis pl. 142. — Pie now retired from the editorship, and died “ in
1791.”
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), Thunberg on his way to Austral Africa.f
»hty-two ”
* Uiricularia intermedia of Western Europe. Described by Oeder fi. Dan. pl. 128 (Pers.) ;
observed by Hayne pl. 5 in Germany; by Thuillier, near Paris; and known to grow also in Britain
(A, Dec.).
t Oxaiis cernua of Austral Africa. Observed there by Thunberg pl. 2 (Pers.), Transported to
Europe, has become naturalized in Spain, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Algeria, and from “ 1S26 ” at Gibraltar
(A . Dec.).
Gnaphalium undulatum of Austral Africa. Observed there by Thunberg 151 (Pe rs.). Transported
to Europe, is described by the younger Linnæus suppl. 363 ; and has been observecl by Lejolis
for several years naturalized in the environs of Cherbourg (A. Dec.).
Solanum Capense of Austral Africa. Observed there by Thunberg (Steud.), and from transported
specimens described by the younger Linnæus suppl, 147. By J. Drummond in 1829 introduced into
Southwest Australia, and observed by him “ ten y e a r s ” afterwards completely naturalized (Hook,
journ. bot. for 1840, and A. Dec.).
Slenotaphrum dimidiatum of the Atlantic shore of Tropical and Subtropical Africa. A maritime
grass observed in Austral Africa by Thunberg, and Drège (A. Dec.) ; and known to grow as far as
Saint-Thomas and Guinea (Kunth, and Benth. fl. Nigr.). By ocean currents transported across the
Juncus pygmæus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A rush described by Thunberg
(foeud.) : observed by Thuillier in wet places in the environs of Paris (Pers.) ; by D ’Urville in beds
of torrents on the island of Milo (Chaub.).
“0 tli's y e a r ” (Spreng.), Peter Jos. Buc’hoz publishing his Traité hist, plant. Lorraine, also
his Diet, plant, de la France.
“ In this year ” (Winckl.), Joh. Andr. Murray publishing his Prodrom. stirp. gottingens. ; * and
about this time (comm. goet. vii), describing Euphorbia cyathophora pl. i.
“ ' 77’ > to"®}' ” to proposing to visit East Siberia, joined by Georgi and Falk at
Tchehabinsk.^ Leaving “ April 16th,” he proceeded Eastward, and “ May i6th ” reached Omsk on the
r ich. Leavmg on the “ 22d,” meeting with Sisymbrium salsuginosum. Convolvulus spinosus, Astragalus
ammodytes, Thlaspi ceratocarpum. A llium coeruleum, and “ June 27th ” reached the Schoulba
at the commencement of the Altaian mountains. Leaving the vicinity “ July 17th,” he soon reached
a tributary of the Obi and continued Eastward, meeting with Silene AUaica, Berberis Siberica Carda-
mme mvalis from the mountain-summits. reached Tomsk “ Sept. 9th,” and on the “ 30th ” lourbin-
s r t ia or Kemson on the Yenisei. Near Abakansk were inscriptions, older apparently than the Conquest
OT this portion of Siberia and mostly Mongol, two only being in the Tartar language. “ Oct, loth ”
he reached Kiasnoiarsk on the Yenesei, where he passed the winter,
“ March 8th ’’ (Pall. trav. iv. i 5), under instructions from Pallas, Soujef leaving Tobolsk on the
frozen I rrth on his way to the Arctic Ocean. After “ two hundred and sixty verstes ” at Demianskoï-
mm the Tartar vi lages ceased, and the Russian villages were soon intermingled with those o f the
O s£ k s , professed Christians as far as Berezof, “ five degrees North of Tobolsk ” and dogsledges
were m use as Well as reindeer. Leaving “ June i . th ” in a large canoe, on the “ 14th ” he
arrived at Obdorsko. “ in 67° ” ancl the last place held by the Russians. Leaving by canoe “ July is t ”
be on the “ 3 # ’ and proceeded North with reindeer, meeting with Sedum quadrifidiim, Aceto'sa
acekxella, Andromeda [Cassiope) hypnoides, Chryso.:plenium alternifolium, Sisymbrium sophia Arte-
m is iE o r ea h s and Lycopodium complanatumj on the “ 14th ” he saw the Arctic Ocean, and iournev-
mg Westward, reached the Gulf on the “ 25th ; ” on the “ 28th,” he commenced his return.
“ n tins year ” (Spreng.), Vancielli residing at Rio Janeiro publishing a few Brazilian plants.
n " fr®"' ^ " roi publishing his Harbk., enumerating of North American plants,
Quercus palustris pm oak (Brendel in Am. Nat. for 1870), Acer spicatum.
“ In this y e a r ” (title-page), Forster publishing his Catalogue of N. Amer. plants, enumerating
Ltatine Americana., Parietaria debilis (Chapm.). *
“ In this y eaU ’ (append. Sibth., and Spreng.), Linnæus publishing his Second Mantissa,
enumeratmg Mexicana 31, Rhynchospora fu sca (Steud.), ipomoea dissecta (Steud.)
freh t y f l ’ (Eero.) : t — afterwards turned his attention to Surinam plants ; and died “ Jan.
“ In tliis y e a r ” (biblioth. Amer. 165, and Holmes), publication of “ Considerations on the expe-
d t e n c 0 f admitting representatives from the American colonies into the British house of Commons ”
T e E t of the Tauro-Caspian countries. A grass in this year first ob.served in Germany
(Schreb. fl b p s .),— m # 79 by Retz m Sweden, and “ in the same v ea r” by Withering in Britain ;
has sincie become a weed in cultivated ground from Russia to Portugal (Brot., and A. Dec.) : was
r tse rced by C. A. Meyer to all appearance wild in meads near the Caspian, between Sallian and
JotCiikoi tin.
“ Ihe sanm y e r e ” (Spreng., and Winckl.), voyage of Sonnerat from the Mauritius Islands to the
Seychelles and Malayan Archipelago. - He published his Voy. “ in 1776,” and died “ in 1781 ”
“ to ‘ to" y e a r ” (Spreng.), Oeder succeeded by O. F. MulÎer as editor ofth e Flor. Dan. who published
the fourth volume, — “ in 1782” (W in ck l), the fifth volume, and died “ in 1784.”
0 1 antic, and probably Westward: observed by Baldwin on Flores, Bermuda, also at Bahia and from
Kio Janeito to the mouth of the La Plata; by Chapman, “ along the coast, Florida to South Carolina;”
by Le Conte, in Georgia (Collins) ; by Walter, and Elliot, near salt water as far as the Santee.
* Tumex conglomeratus of Northern Europe. A dock distinguished by .Murray ; — termed
1. nemolapathum by Lmnæus jun., “ r. divaricatus ” by Thuillier, “ r. paludosus ” by Aiton (Steucl )•
known to grow in moist shaded situations and along streams in middle Europe (Pers.) : observed bJ
1 oll.ch, Moench Koth, and Sprengel, in Germany ; by Thuillier, nere Paris. By European colonists
ró^'"fr ró'"®®"’ "rótoingly introt
of . . . . Having the aspect of E viridis, but the stems prostrate and disto
? Y Í afr r ó '" " to iis - (Willd. pl. ,0. f. 20, Pers., and Stencl). By European colonists carried to
Aoitheast America, occurring m “ waste places, Albany, New York, etc.” (Raf., and A. Gray).
to'.
f f :
life
■’te ■!