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CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
r/aMao-o major of Northern Asia. Called in France and Britain plantain (Prior, and Nugent),
in Germany “ wegerich” (Grieb), in Italy “ piantaggine maggiore” (Lenz), m Greece “ pgntanguron
(Forsk and Sibth ), in Egypt “ massasah ” or “ lissan el-hamal ” lamb’s tongue (Del.), by the prophets
“ ouran’ ihngumonos,” in Egyptian “ asonth ” or “ asdeth ” (Syn. Diosc.) or “ a rou t’’ from “ Ss6ou
sheep (Kirch.), in Japan “ siaden,” or usually “ obako ” (Thunb.) : the “ feou-yt ’ gathered by women
in pathways and under the wheels of chariots according to an ancient od e— (CM-King i. i- 8) is
referred here by Pauthier : P. major was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, m Japan ; by Siebold,
on Yeso- by Gmelin, throughout Siberia. Westward, “ lissau el-hamal” translated into Greek
becomes’the “ arndgldsson ” of Theophrastus vii. 8. 3, and Themison, “ arnogl6ss6n mgizon’ bmng
medicinally the most useful kind according to Dioscorides: in Syn. Diosc the “ arnoglfisson or
“ arndidn” or “ provatgidn” or “ gptapldurdn ” is identified with the “ atiSirkon of Numidians
“ thesarikam” of Spaniards, and “ tarveldthathion ” of Gauls; and the “ heptapleuron ’ is id e n t .f i«
by Pliny x.xv. 39 with “ plantago maior : ” P. major is known to occur in waste places along the
Taurian mountains (Bieb.); was received by A. Richard from Abyssinia ; was observed by Fm ^ a l,
and Delile, around Damietta and Cairo ; by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and fra a s , frequent from
Constantinople to Crete and the Peloponnesus ; is known to occur in pathways from tffly throughout
Western Europe as far as Lapland (Tourn. inst. 126, Pers., and Wats.). Eastward from Japan,
may have been carried by Aino or Aleutian colonists to America ; was received from the neighbouimg
American coast by Gmelin, was observed by Brackenridge around Chinnook villages on Gray s hai-
bour, but otherwise by him and myself throughout Oregon only around the trading-post ot f ort
Colville ; was received however bv Hooker from California, Fort Vancouver, and S itch a ; was observed
by Nuttall on the Arkansas ; and in .5 U by Oviedo gen. hist. xi. 2 in tne West Inches plante
al qual los medicos llamen plantago.” In our Atlantic States, has an indigenous aspect along salt-
marshes, was received by Hooker from Labrador, and observed by him on Iceland, yet may have
been introduced throughout by European colonists: Josselyn voy. 188 ancl rar. 86 found in 1663
“ broad-leaved plantain ” the only “ so r t ” in New England, which ‘ the Indians call Englishmans
foot as though produced by their treading; ” Bartram also found the natives pretending th,0 this
plant never grew here before the arrival of Europeans ” (Kalm trav. 1. 92) ; and m various mrtances
the plant hal certainly accompanied the footsteps of fur-traders. Clearly also by Emopean colomsts,
was carried to the Southern Hemisphere ; to Chili (C. G a+ ; and to New Zealand, occurring there
in but one known locality (Raoul, and A. Dec. ; see P. media). 1 i „ „r
Hardly later than this date, Panaceia the “ all-healing.” - She was regarded as the daughter of
Aesculapius, and a temple was erected to her at Oropus (Aristoph. plut. 702, Paus. 1. 34- £ and schol.
^ '" 'T m d a fernlago of the East Mediterranean countries. The “ panaces ” called after Aesmilapius
because he named his daughter Panacea, - further described by P l i^ xxv 11 as yielding succus
coactus ferulae,” that procured in Macedonia being called “ bucolicon, may be compared . halv. ^
produced in Syria by a plant called “ panakgs,” is mentioned by Theophrastus ix. 7 to 11 ; ' halvams
riza,” by Nicander ther. 938; a “ narthex” in Syria producing “ halvane, by D.oscond^ m
*■ galbanum ” produced by a “ ferula ” growing on mount Amanus m S yn a a « cfflled " 0 0 0 ' -
bv Plinv xii s6 • F. ferulago was obtained by Lobel obs. 45 > from seeds found lu the gum (Spreng ),
was o b L v e d by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from Crete to the Peloponnesus; / !< 0 0 ™ / / / w fflso
in Transylvania, Gallicia, and as far as Caucasus (Jacq. austr. t e n l r n l i
is termed “ f. galbanifera ” by Tournefort inst. 321 ; is known to grow in 0 « y (Mo ison ix pl.
and Pers.) ; and was observed by Desfontaines p. 251 in Barbary. The plant according to Lindley
“ yields abundantly a gum-resinous secretion,” but “ it would appear that the opinion of its producino
sralbanum “ is unfounded.” (see G. officinale). /cm n
“ Thapsia Asdepitim of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Grwce a^egora ( S J t l «
and the ‘ tyanakSs asklepiiion” - distinguished from the preceding by Theophrartus ix. 8jo 11, having
a white root a span long “ alukSthe ” brackish, stem geniculate every way, a « thapsia -like leaves,
k i c h according to Dtoscorides are hairy and the flowers yellow, is referred here by CMunina
(S p re n v ) : T . Asclepium was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Rhodes and Constantinople.
Westward, is enumerated among foreign plants m the Ortus Sanitatis and te im «
“ thapsiam” (Spreng.), but was found by Brassavolus on the Appenines ; is described also by
n i tM o l i S4£ !nd Columna ecphr. i. pl. 85; is termed “ th. tenuiore folm a.mla by Fournefort
inst. 322 ; and is known to grow as far as Apulia at the Southern extreme of Italy (I ers ).
“ 1 13 4B . C. = 1st year of Wou-wang” (Chinese chron. table). A vase dedicated to Wouwang's
father Wen-wang. is figured by Pauthier pl. xxxix. 5.
Ninety-fifth generation. Sept. ist, 1134, mostly beyond youth: Boaz, and Ruth ; the h.0 -
priest Bukki ( i Chron. vi. 5, Ezr. vii. 4, and Josep. v. u 6 ) ; Bellerophon grandson o fosyphus
(Horn il vi. 154); Laomedon king of Troy and father of Priamus, and Capys father of Anchises
(Horn. il. xxiv. 215 to 240) ; the Phrygian flute-player Marsyas, son of Hyagnis (Plut. mus., Clem.
A le x ., and others) ; Pittheus son of Pelops (Pind. and Apollod.).
1132 B. C. ( = 1113 y. 302-J-|d.+ “ 18 years*” of Judg. x. 8), the Midianites defeated by the
Israelites under Gideon, also called Jerubbaal.
Ramessu XI. built the temple in the rear of Karnak — dedicated by his successor to the god
Khons (Birch).
Platamis Orientalis of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain plane tree (Prior), in
Italy “ platano” (Lenz), in Greece “ plátanos” (Sibth.), in which we recognize the “ platanus” on
the road from Apamea into Phrygia, said to be that on which Marsyas was hanged, — and which
continued to be pointed out in the days of Pliny xvi. 88 and 89 ; who further mentions a “ platanus”
at Delphi said to have been planted by Agamemnon, and trees or their offshoots continuing on the
tomb of Protesilaus within sight of T roy : the “ platanistos ” (translated “ platanus” by Cicero) was
already at the beginning of the Trojan war in Asia Minor and Greece, as appears from Homer il. ii.
307; is mentioned also by Herodotus vii. 31; and the “ platanou” is described by Dioscorides as
having green globular fruit and down on the leaves : P. Orientalis was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding along streams in Asia Minor and throughout Greece and the Greek
islands, besides being sometimes planted. Farther South, was already planted in Egypt in the days
of Theophrastus; and was observed there in gardens by Forskal, Clot-Bey, and by myself as far
even as Middle Egypt. Westward, according to Pliny xii. 3 the “ platanus” was first brou^it over
the Ionian Sea to the isle of Diomedes to adorn his tomb there, and thence to Sicily, having been
planted by the first Dionysius; “ plátanos” trees on the tomb of Diomedes are mentioned also by
Theophrastus : P. Orientalis continues to be planted for ornament in Southern and middle Europe.
1131 B. C. (=1:431 + “ 700 y r s ” of Thucyd. v., Tourn. trav. i. 174), from this date the island
of Milo, halfway between the Peloponnesus and Crete, — retained its independence “ seven hundred
years.”
1 130 B. C. {— 1071 -|- “ 60th y e a r ” of Dionys. i., see also Strab.), in Italy, arrival of Evander
from Arcadia with “ twm sh ip s ” and the alphabet; which had “ recently been acquired by the Arcadians.”
He was amicably received by king Faunus of the tribe called “ Aborigines,” and allowed
to settle on the Palatine h i l l :— four centuries later, included in the site selected for the city of
Rome.
Acer psendoplatanus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Galled in Britain sycamore
ox great maple lflx\or),m Germany mountain “ ahorn,” in Italy “ a ce ro ” or “ acero di montagna”
(Lenz), in which we recognize'the “ acernis ” of which the spear of Evander was made — and the
Trojan horse (according to Virgil aen. ix. 87), the tree growing in the sacred groves of Phrygia : the
“ klinotrohdn” with wood white and tough employed for the rollers of bedsteads, is further described
by Theophrastus iii. 10 as having the leaves lobed as in the plane but less fleshy and pointed at the
apex : A. psendoplatanus has been observed by modern travellers in Greece, and according to Forskal
is called there “ plátanos : ” farther South, was observed by Clot-Bey in the gardens of Egy'pt. Wes tward,
the “ acer gallicum ” affording wood of special whiteness, is further described by Pliny xvi. 26
as growing in Italy North of the Po, and in the country beyond the A lp s ; A. psendoplatanus is
known as a lofty forest-tree in France and middle Europe as far as “ Lat. 52°” (Duham. i. pl. 36,
Pers., A. Dec., and Daub.) ; and is besides planted for ornament (Engl. bot. pl. 303). B y European
colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues occasionally planted ; to the Mauritius
Islands, where it is called “ platane,” but was not seen by Bojer flow'ering.
1128 B. C. iy= 51 A. D. + “ 1178 years ” of Plin. xvi. 79, pseud.-Aristot. mir. 146 giving 859
-|- “ 2S7 y e a rs ” = 1146, see C. Mull, geogr. min. i. p. x.x), Utica, sometimes called “ Old Carthage,”
founded by Phoenician mariners.
Cedrus Atlántica of the Atlas mountains. Rafters of the temple of Apollo at Utica, built at the
same time with the city, — continued extant in the days of Pliny xvi. 79, and proved to be of “ numidi-
carumcedrorum ; ” referred by A . Decandolle to the cedar o f A tla s : the timber was doubtless sometimes
imported into Egypt and Italy, and included in the “ cedrus magna ” of Pliny ; but the living C . Atlántica
remained unknown to botanists until recently discovered liy Manetti (see C. Libani).
The same year (=. 991 -)- “ 130 -j- 7 y r s ” of the Euseb.-Maneth. table), possible
date of the accession of Ramessu X II. Miamun, tenth king of the Twentieth dynasty.
His name occurs at Karnak, Medinet Abu, on a stela — now belonging to Mr. Hoskins
(Glid. analect.), and in his own tomb at Bab-el-meluk.
1 127 B. C, ( = 1071 + “ 56 y e a r s ” of Clint, i. p. 78, see Horn. il. xi. 719, and Pind. oi. ix), war
against king Neleus of Pylos, his son Nestor at this time regarded as too young to bear arms. Other
particulars illustrating the condition of Greece from this period — down to the Trojan war, are contained
in the narrations of Nestor.
Mulius, the husband of Agamede daughter of king Augeas of Elis, slain in battle by Nestor.
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