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described by Morison ii. pl. 3 ; is termed “ ochrus folio integro capreolos emittente semine subluteo ”
by Tournefort inst. 396, “ ochrus uniflorus” by Moench; was observed by Lenz in Italy; and is
known to occur in cultivated ground in Southern France and as far as Portugal (Lam. fl. fr., Dec.,
and Pers.).
Arum Dioscoridis of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ vourvos ” (Fraas)
or “ agriôkôlôkuthia” (Sibth.); and the “ a ron” commended by Dieuches,— Cleophantus, and
Diodotus (Plin. xxiv. 92), stemless according to Theophrastus vii. 12. 2 to 13. 2 and its root and leaves
steeped in vinegar and eaten, described by Dioscorides as having smaller leaves than those of
“ thrakôntiôu ” and less spotted, is referred here by writers : the “ arôn ” called on Cyprus “ kôlô-
kassiôn ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ lôupha” of the Syrians, and the “ luf ” of Ebn Baitar
is admitted to be an Arum : A. Dioscoridis is described by Sabbati hort. rom. ii. pl. 75 (Bory) ; was
observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in waste and cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus
and Boeotia to Cyprus, the root cooked and eaten.
“ 310, Aug. 15th, about 8 a .m . ” (Diodor., Blair, and Clint.), eclipse o f the sun, nearly total,
“ being eleven digits 10'.” Agatliocles after defeat in Sicily by the Carthaginians transporting
his army to carry the war into Africa, with the co-operation of Olynthius or Ophelas of Cyrene,
marching by land (pseud-Aristot. oecon. ii. 35, Diodor. xx. 40. i, Marcian, and C. Mull, geogr. min.
p. xxiv).
“ The same y e a r ” (Sm. geogr. diet.), 0 . Fabius Maximus and C. Marcius consuls, the Ciminian
forest first crossed by the Romans, and the Etruscans and their allie.s defeated at the Vadimonian
lake by O. Fabius Maximus : the first decisive blow to the ancient power of Etruria— (according to
Livy ix. 39).
BoswelHa sp. of Equatorial Eastern Africa. A stunted tree only five feet high, affording a kind
of “ looban ” (Grant) or frankincense ; perhaps the “ livanôtôs ” tree (according to Juba) transplanted
under the Ptolemys into Egypt : observed by Grant “ growing locally in patches in 3° N .” on the Nile.
BoswelHapapyrifera of Abyssini . Called there “ makar ” or “ makkar ” (Rich.) ; and possibly
the “ livanôtôs” tree in question, — and that known to ' Theophrastus ix. 4. 2 as growing near Saba
on a mountain whose summit was covered with snow : B. papyrifera was received by Richard from
Abyssinia, where it grows at the elevation of about “ four thousand ” feet on the mountains (C. Mull,
geogr. min. i. p. cvii).
“ 309 B. C.” (Sm. b. d.), Heracles, only surviving son of Alexander, put to death by Polysperchon
and Cassander.
As early perhaps as this date (Sm. b. d.), Herophilus removing to Alexandria, as affording
opportunities for dissecting : — he there made important discoveries in Anatomy, and became eminent
as a physician.
A’/awtoai) of the Mediterranean countries and middle Europe. Called in Britain star
o f ihe earth (Prior), in Italy “ piantaccine coronopo” (Lenz), in Greece “ kuparissôhôrtôn ” (Sibth.),
by the Arabs “ atariabelal ” (Spreng.); in which we recognize the THC: ACT EPOC prescribed
against bleeding by Herophilus — (Gal. comp. med. vii. 4) ; also the “ astriôn ” of Syn. Diosc, ii, 157,
and Actuarius, referred here by Stapel: the “ radschil elgorab ” of Ebn Baitar is referred here by
Sprengel, and Sontheimer: P. coronopus was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent
on the seashore of Greece and the Greek islands ; by Forskal, and Delile, around Alexandria
and Cairo. Westward, the “ astriôn” or “ ammônôs ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with th e “ atir-
sipte ” of the Numidians, and “ kaki atri këm ” or “ stilagô” or “ saggôuinariam ” of the Romans:
P. coronopus is termed “ coronopus hortensis ” by Tournefort inst. 128 ; was observed by Forskal on
Malta, as well as near Marseilles ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain
(Blackw. pl. 460, Hall. helv. 658, Pers., Engl bot. pl. 892).
Symphytum ojficinale oi Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain comfrcy
(Prior), in Sweden “ vallort,” in Germany “ beinwelle ” or “ beinheil,” in France “ consoude ”
(Spreng.), in Italy “ consolida maggiore” or “ sínfito consolida” (Lenz), in Greece “ xëkôuli ”
(Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the C YM 4>YT0 Y whose root is prescribed against bleeding by
Herophilus — (Gal. comp. med. vii. 4), not named but alluded to by Theophrastus ix. 18.2: S.
officinale was observed by Sibthorp in Greece and on the Greek islands. Westward, the “ sum-
phutôn a lio ” or “ p ekten” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ sôldaginëm” of the Romans; and
the “ consolida” is mentioned by Apuleius Barbarus 60: S. officinale is described by Brunfels i. 75
(Spreng.); is termed “ s. consolida major flore purpureo quæ mas ” by Tournefort inst. 138 ; was
observed by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to grow in moist shady situations as far as Britain (Engl. bot.
pl. 215, and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried prior to 1669 (Jossel.) to Northeast America,
where it continues about dwellings, tlie flowers according to A. Gray “ yellowish-white, rarely purplish.”
Formerly according to Lindley was “ in much repute as a vulnerary, but not now u s e d ; ”
the root however yielding mucilage and “ useful in coughs and all internal irritation.”
Symphytum brochum oi the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ hônthrôutzikô ”
(Fraas) ; and probably included in the “ sumphutôu ” of Herophilus, — and others : the “ sumphutôn
allô ” of Dioscorides, two cubits or more high covered with roughish pubescence that excites itching,
stem empty like that of “ sôghôu ” and rendered angular by adnate “ vouglossou ’’-like leaves, flowers
white or yellow, roots black but within white and mucilaginous, is referred here by Fraas : S. brochum
is described by Chaubard, and was observed by him, and Fraas, in cool situations in Attica and the
Peloponnesus.
Ajuga reptans of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in France and Britain
bugle, in mediæval Latin “ bugulus” or “ consolida,” in old English “ consound” or “ consoud”
(Prior); and possibly the “ sumphutôu” of Herophilus, — and “ sumphuton pëtraiôn ” growing
according to Dioscorides among rocks and having “ origano’’-like branches, “ thumôu’’-like headsj
a long reddish root, and employed against spitting blood and among other medicinal purposes for
agglutinating wounds. A. reptans was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in woods from the
subalpine portion of the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, the “ symphyti ” is identified
by Scribonius Largus 83 with tlie “ inulam rusticam ” or “ alum gallicum ” and its root prescribed
against bleeding from the lungs, chest, or arteries; the “ symphyton petraeum ” of th e'Greeks is
identified by Pliny xxvii. 24 with the “ alum ” of the Romans, resembling “ cunilae bubulae,” healing
broken bones and agglutinating flesh even in cooking, but his further account seems chiefly taken
from Dioscorides: A. reptans is termed “ bu gu la ” by Tournefort inst. 209; and is known to grow
in woods and meads throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 925, Curt. lond. ii.
pl. 43, and Pers.).
“ 308 B. C. = beginning of the Eleventh manwantara ” among the Hindus — (Graha Munjari
tables, and Bentl.).
“ The same y e a r ” ( = 543 — “ 235 yrs .” of the Maliavans. v. p. 68, and Mason iii. 40), at Pataliputra
(near Patna on the Ganges) meeting of the Third great Budhist council.
Corypha umbraculifera of Ceylon. The talipot palm is called in Tamil “ condapana,” in Telinga
“ sidalum,” in Bengalee “ talee ” (Dru r .); and the “ ta la ” leaves on which the early Budhist Scriptures
of Kasyapa’s council were written — (according to tradition current in the days of Hiouen-
thsang 158), may be compared : “ the leaf used for writing on ” is described by Nicolo Conti as “ six
cubits long and almost as many broad : ” C, umliraculifera was observed by Rheede iii. i to 12 in
Malabar; by Knox, wild on Ceylon; and according to Roxburgh, and Drury, the leaves are used
for writing on with an iron style, for portable tents and for covering houses, for umbrellas by all
classes, and the seeds are used as beads by certain sects of Hindus, and the pith converted into a
kind of sago. Farther East, “ leaves so big that five or six men can stand in the sh ade ” were seen
by Jordanus mirab. in “ India major: ” C. umbraculifera was observed by Mason “ e xo tic ” in Burmah
and called “ pæ ; ” by myself, under cultivation on the Philippines, where according to Blanco
it is called in Tagalo and Bisaya “ b u r i” or “ buli.” By Nimmo, was introduced “ in 1833” into the
environs of Bombay (Graham).
Coryjiha taliera of Eastern Hindustan. The book palm, an allied species, is perhaps the “ ta la ”
m question : — the “ tali ” of Kalidasa ragh. xiii. 15, and Susrutas chik. 17, is referred here by Hessler:
C. taliera was observed by Roxburgh cor. iii. pl. 255 to 256 in Bengal, its leaves used for writing
on with an iron style, for thatching roofs, and hats and umbrellas are made from them (Drur.)"
Farther East, was observed by Mason v. 425 to 812 in Burmah and called “ pæ,” planted near
“ religious edifices ” and its leaves used for writing on. By Nimmo, was introduced “ in 1833 ” into
the environs of Bombay (Graham).
“ In this y e a r ” (Sm. b. d.), Ptolemy visiting Greece as liberator, obtained possession of Corinth
and Sicyon, where he left garrisons.
About this time, “ at the expense of k in g s ” (Plin. ii. 65, and Gemin.), the height o f mountains,
Pelion, Cyllene, and others in Greece, measured by Dicaearchus a pupil of Aristotle. Dicaearchus
also collected statistics tending to show, that more human beings perish through the violence of man
than from all other causes combined. ’
“ 307 B. C .” ( = 543 — “ 236 yrs.,” Tumour mahawans. xiii., and Elphinst. ii. 4 ) , the Budhist
religion introduced from Hindustan into Ceylon * (compare B. C. 246).
^ * Odina wodier of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A Terebinthaceous tree called in Sanscrit
ajasringha” (Pidd.), in Tamil “ kulleyum” or “ woodian,” in Telinga “ waddi gampina,” in Hindustanee
“ cuslimulla,” in Bengalee “ jiw u l” (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay “ shimtee” (Graham),
in Burmah “ hiian-bai” (Mason) ; in which we recognize the “ co liy a ” tree on the site of and giving
us name to a new city — (Mahavams. i p. 24), and the “ ajasringi ” o f Susrutas sutr. 36: O. wodier
was observed by Rheede iv. pl. 32 in Malabar; by Graham, “ on the Ghauts pretty common ” also
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