îsfiLt I
476 CHRO NO LO G ICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
“ 22 A. D .” (Mason iii. 40), in Burmah, king Ronmokkha succeeded by his son Ranthinkha; —
who “ discouraged Budhism,” and reigned three years only.
Polygonum barbatum of the Eastern Himalayas. Three to four feet high with several stems,
and called in Telinga “ kunda-mallier,” in Tamil “ aat-alarie,” in Malabar “ velutta-modertmucu ”
(Drur.) ; from early times furnishing feed for cattle, its leaves besides used by the natives in colic,
and its seeds as carminative : * — observed by Rheede xii. pi. 77 in Malabar ; by Ainslie, Roxburgh,
and Wight, as far as Bengal ; by Mason, in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous ; and is known to
grow in China (Pers., and Lindl.). Westward, was observed by Grant on the “ coast range ” of
Equatorial Africa, Observed by Thunberg fl. 385 in Austral Africa ; but clearly by European colonists,
carried to the W est Indies (Sloane i. pl. 3).
“ 23 A. D. = ‘ keng-chi,’ ist year of Ti-youan, of the Han ” or Seventh dynasty — (Chinese chron.
table).
“ 25 A. D. = ‘ kian-wou,’ ist year of Kouang-wou-hoang-ti ” or Kouang-wou ti, of the Plan or
Seventh dynasty (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). He removed the seat of government from Si-
ngan-fou in Chen-si lo Ho-nan-fou in Honan : and hence the name “ Eastern Han ” for the remainder
of the dynasty.
“ The same year ” (Tacit., and Clint.), death of Cremutius Cordus. His annais “ praising M.
Brutus and calling C. Cassius the iast Roman,” were ordered by the Senate to be burned ; but copies
being concealed, the work continued extant.
“ In this year” (Burm. hist., and Mason 41), in Burmah, Ranthinka succeeded by his son
Ramunsalingda, an excellent and religious king — who reigned “ fifteen” years.
“ 27 A. D.” (Sueton., Tacit., Alst., and Clint), fall of the amphitheatre at Fidenæ ; in which
“ more than twenty thousand persons ” perished.
Picaría rannnculoides of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece “ sphour-
thakula” or “ zôhathôhôrtôn” (Sibth.,) and one of the plants called in Britain swallow -w ort (Prior),
in which we recognize the C H E L I D O N I VM applied as ulcerating of the antidote of Apuleius CeLsus
— (Scribon. Larg. 174): F. rannnculoides is termed “ r. vernus rotundifolius ” by Tournefort inst.
286; is known to grow tliroughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 499, and P ers.);
and according to Sprengel, the roots so resemble grains of wheat as to have been cooked by mistake
in tinies of scarcity, and from being left exposed in quantities after inundations have occasioned
superstitious fear. Eastward, the “ hëlithôniôn tô mikron” by some called “ puron agrión” is
described by Dioscorides as ulcerating the skin, growing near water, stemless, the leaves ivy-like,
and roots like a cluster of grains of wheat ; F. rannnculoides was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard,
and P'raas, frequent in moist shady places throughout Greece.
28 A. D, = “ 15th year of the reign of Tiberius” (Luke iii. i, and Epiphan. haeres. p. 446), the
Baptism. In the Jordan, by “ John the son of Zacharias.”
“ 29 A. D .,” in the consulship of “ Rubellius Geminus and Rufiiis G em inus” (Clem. Alex.,
Tertull. adv. Jud. 8, Augustin., and Clint.), the Crucifixion. After “ forty days,” the number of
disciples being “ about an hundred and twenty,” Matthias elected apostle in place of the deceased
Judas; and on “ the day of Pentecost,” the gift of tongues, and “ about three thousand” disciples
added (A cts i. 3 to ii. 41).
f r I#’
* Ulmus alternifolia of the mountains of Burmah. One of the two elms called “ tha-lai ” (Mason)
known in Prome from early times ; — observed by McClelland, “ the largest trees” of the district
(Mason v. 540. See U. integrifolia).
Juglans arguta of the Eastern Himalayas. Called in Burmah “ theet-kya” (Mason), ancl known
from early times ;— observed by Wallich. Walnuts according to Mason v. 460 “ are occasionally
brought from above Ava, but it is not certain that they are the produce of the indigenous ” tree.
Quercus sp. of the Eastern Plimalayas and the mountains of Burmah. Seven different species of
oak — observed by Wallich in Burmah; “ three or fou r” according to Mason “ are natives o f”
Tenasserim “ and all afford useful timber.”
Pardanthus Chinensis of the Eastern Himalayas. The leopard flower, Moraea-like, and called
in Burmali “ theet-sa” (Mason), in Malabar “ canda-shular m ini” (Kheede), cultivated from early
times ; — observed by lyieede xi. 37 in Malabar ; by Graham, “ common in gardens ” around Bombay ;
by Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Royle, “ wild in the Doons of the Plimalayas ” (Graham)
; by Mason v. 431 to 807, “ exotic” in Burmah, cultivated for ornament. Transported to
Europe, is termed “ ixia chinensis ” by Linnæus.
Asparagus acerosus oiBm m ah. Called there “ sheet-ma-tet ” (Mason), and from early time.s :
— found by Mason v. 468 “ a passable substitute for” our garden asparagus, “ to which however it
is much inferior.”
ft*
OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D PL A N T S. 4 7 7
In or about 30 A. D. (Acts viii. i, and ix. 19), martyrdom of Stephen ; and the disciples, “ except
the apostles,” scattered abroad “ as far as Phenice, and Cyprus, and Antioch.”
“ 3t A. D .” (Sueton., Dio, and Clint.), disgrace and death of Sejanus, prefect of the praetorian
guard and consul for this year. A eomet visible at the time, witnessed by L. Seneca nat. qu. i. i
01int. iv. p. 45).
In or about 32 A. D. (see Acts viii. 5 to 25), the gospel extended to Samaria by Philip the
evangelist; Simon Magus being among those baptised. — Simon afterwards (“ 3 5 1 0 6 5 ” Clint, iv.
p. 123) founded the Sect of Simonians ; and is regarded by Tertullian haer. 46, as the first heretical
Christian.
By Philip also (Acts viii. 27 to 39), conversion and bajrtism of “ a man of Ethiopia, an eunuch
of great authority under Candace queen of the Ethiopians, who had the charge of all her treasures ; ”
and who was at least inclining to the Jewish faith, having “ come to Jerusalem for to worship, was
returning, and sitting in his chariot read Esaias the prophet.” — Reasons have been found for
suspecting, that the Nubian or Ethiopian kings “ adopted both Christ and Jupiter among the gods ”
(Leps. eg. and sin. p. 210).
A Roman inscription at Naga in Upper Nubia: and at or near Meroe, a “ temple of superior
workmanship” perhaps built by Roman artisans, but is devoid of inscriptions (Leps. eg. and sin.
p. 155 and 210).
33 A. D. ( = 3 6 — “ 3 years” of Galat. i. 18), conversion of Saul or Paul, on his way to
Damascus.
Vinca minor of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain periwinkle, in
medieval Latin “ pervincula ” (Prior), in Italy “ pervinca ” (Lenz), in Greece “ agriôliza:” the
K AHMA T I C mentioned confusedly by Pamphilus— (according to Galen simpl. vii. 31), identified
by Dioscorides with the “ philëtairiôn ” or “ thaphnôëithës ” or “ mursinoëithës ” or “ pôlugônôëithës,”
having shoots as large as “ shôinôu” and laurel-like leaves but much smaller, is referred here by
writers: V. minor was observed bySibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in the Peloponnesus. W estward,
seems at least included in the “ vincapervinca” of Pliny xxi. 39, and Apuleius 58: is called
in Slavonic and Saxon by names turning on the syllable “ vink,” but totally different Welsh names
are given by Davies (A. D ec.); is described by Brunfels (Spreng.), and Wigand ; is termed “ pervinca
vulgaris angustifolia flore cæ ruleo” by Tournefort inst. 120; is known to grow wild in Italy
and throughout middle Europe, but is regarded by Watson as exotic in Britain and only naturalized
(Pers., A. Dec., and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it
continues under cultivation for ornament. (See V. major.)
One hundred and thirtieth generation. A. D. 34, May ist, mostly beyond youth : the Greek
philosopher Demetrius the cynic ; the historian Pamphila; the grammarians, Pamphilus, Heracleides
of Pontus the younger : the Latin writers, the poets Lucanus, and Persius ; the orator Domitius
Afer; tlie grammarians Palaemon Vicentinus, Probus of Berytus ; the rhetors Clodius Ouirinalis,
Statius Ursulus ; the commentator Asconius Pedianus ; the Roman painters, Amulius, Turpilius, and
Antisteus Labeo (Bryan).
“ In this year” (A byss, chron., and C. Mull. p. xcvii), Za-Senatu succeeded by Za-Les, now
king of Abyssinia. — He reigned “ ten ” years.
“ 35 A. D .” (Sm. b. d.), C. Cestius Gallus Camerinus, and the historian and orator M. Servilius
Nonianus, consuls for this year. Considia, daughter of the consul M. Servilius, was healed by the
physician Damocrates — (Plin. xxiv. 28).
Lepidium iberis of Western Europe. The K A PAAMA N T I K H growing according to Servilius
Damocrates in waste places, a cubit high with root and leaves like KAPAAMUJ and white flowers,
discovered and named by him I B H PI C — (Pliny xxv. 49), is referred here by writers : L. iberis is
described by Lobel pl. 223 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles, and is known to grow along
roadsides in other parts of France and in Germany (Roth, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.).
Lepidium graminifolium of the Mediterranean countries. Possibly included in the “ iveris ” by
Damocrates, — being apparently the “ iveris” known to the Greeks, and mentioned in the addition to
Dioscorides; L. graminifolium is described by Bauhin hist. ii. pl. 918 (P ers.); is termed “ thlaspi
lusitanicum umbellatum gramíneo folio flore albo” by Tournefort inst, 213 ; was observed by Forskal,
Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in waste ground throughout Greece from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople
; and is known to occur throughout Southern Europe (Pollich, and P ers.).
Ieucrinm marum of the W est Mediterranean countries. Called in Germany “ katzenkraut,” in
Italy “ maro” (L enz); and the MAPON of Damocrates — m aybe compared: “ maron ” inferior in
quality to the Lydian was produced in Egypt in the days of Pliny xii. 53 : “ maru species sclareæ ” was
found by Alpinus employed there medicinally; and “ marum” seeds, by Forskal; but according to
Ciot-Bey, the living T. marum has only recently been introduced. Farther North, was observed by
Gittard in mountainous situations on Amorgos (Chaub.), but in Greece and Italy according to Lenz
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