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460 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
for medidnal use, no native names being given. According to Lindley, “ the admired flavour of
Narbonne honey is ascribed to the bees feeding on the flowers,” but the plant is principally remarkable
for its undoubted power of encouraging the growth of hair, causing “ the green colour of the
best pomatums,” is employed besides in manufacturing “ Hungary water, the French vinaigre aux
quatre voleurs, and eau de Cologne.”
Cen'/d/te major of S'lhena. An annual called in Italy “ cerinta” or “ cerinte” (Targ.), in which
we tecognize the CERINTHA of Virgil, — white leaved and sought by bees according to Pliny xxi.
41 : C. major is termed “ c. glauca” by Moench; is known to grow in Siberia, and to occur also in
Switzerland (Roth cat. i. 32, and Pers.).
Ligitstriini vulgäre of Eastern Asia ? Called in Britain by Tusser “ privy” and in current Englis
h /« fr /(P r io r ), in France by Ruel “ troena” and in current French “ troene” (Nugent), by the
lurks “ h la k ’- (Sibth.), in Italy “ ligustro” (Lenz), in which we recognize the ALBA ■ L I GVS TRA
of Virgil eel. ii. 18,— “ nigrum ligustrum ” of Columella x. 300, “ candidum ligustrum ” of Martial
i. 117, and the “ ligustrum” described by Pliny xvi. 31 and xxiv. 45 as supposed by some to be
identtcal with the “ cypros” (henna) of the East, as “ tesseris utilissima,” the juice used for “ nervis
articuiis algoribus,” and the leaves and berries also employed medicinally: L. vulgare is described by
Ruel i. 94, Turner, is termed “ ligustrum ” by Tournefort inst. 596 ; and is known to grow along hedges
throughout middle Europe (Curt. Iond. v. pl. i, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthoip,
and Chaubard, along hedges and in uncultivated places from Constantinople to Smyrna and the
Peloponnesus ; is known to grow around Caucasus (A. Dec.) ; and was observed by Thunberg in
mountainous situations everywhere frequent in Japan and called “ ibuta” or “ ibota.” By European
colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it has been observed by myself in gardens as far
South as Charleston, and through seeds carried by birds (A. Gray) has become naturalized in our
Northern States.
F raxinus rostrata of the Mediterranean countries. The FR AX IN VS mentioned by Virgil as
IN-SYLVIS- PVLCH ER R IM A, very beautiful in the forest, — may be compared with this species
of ash .• Pliny xvi. 30 also speaks of the “ fraxinus ” as a forest-tree of Italy, growing “ aquosis mon-
tibus,” in wet places on the mountains. F. rostrata is described by Gussone, and is known to grow
in Southern France, Sardinia, Algeria, Sicily, and Persia; but has not been found in Roumelia, nor
on Caucasus (Griseb., Ledeb., and A. D ec.). ’
Salix triandra of Europe. The M 0 L L E • S I L E R of Virgil georg. ii. 11, — growing according to
Piiny xvi. 31 in watery places, is referred here by Fraas: S. triandra is termed “ s. folio ainygdalino
utrinque aurito corticem abjiciens ” by Tournefort inst. 591 ; is described as a tree thirty feet high
that sheds its bark like Platanus (Smith, and Pers.) ; and is known to grow along river-banks in
Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Curt. lond. vi. pi. 72, and Pollini). Eastward,
was observed by Sibtliorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus, and called there “ ëtia.”
S alix murina of Italy. The AME RI NA - R E T I N A C V L A of Virgil geor. i. 265, used for tying
grape-vines. — mentioned also by Columella iv. 30, and Pliny xxiv. 38, are referred here conjecturally
by Sprengel (comm. Diosc. i. 135).
Salix argentea of Western Europe. The G LA VC A willow of Virgil geor. iv. 183 — is referred
here by Sprengel : S. argentea was observed by Linnæus it. goth, in Southern Sweden (Steud.);
by Lightfoot, and Hudson, in Britain; by Thuillier, near Paris; and is termed “ s. lanata” bv
Roth. ^
A lnus oblongata of the W est Mediterranean countries. The A L N V S - P ROC E R A o f Virgil eel.
vi. 33 to geor. ii. n o — is referred here by Sprengel: A. oblongata is distinguished by Alton, and
Willdenow, and is known to grow in Southern Europe (P ers.).
Hyacinthus Orientalis of the W est Mediterranean countries ? Called in Britain hyacinth (Prior),
in Italy “ giacinto” (Lenz), in which we recognize t h e S V A V E - R V B E N S - H Y A C IN T H V S o f Virgifl
— the “ coelestis lum inis” and “ coeraleus hyacinthus ” of Columella ix. 4. 4 and x. too, and the
“ hyacinthus ” enumerated by Pliny xxi. 38 and 97 as growing wild in Italy, employed by slave merchants
to delay puberty in boys, and in Gaul to tinge “ hysginum,” a purple dye (compare Syn.
D iosc., and Vaccinium myrtillms) : H. orientalis is described by Gesner, Matthioli, and was first
seen by Lobel “ in 1562 ; ” is described also by Dodoens, Castor Durantes, and C. Bauhin, is cultivated
as 42^ornamental plant throughout middle Europe ; and was observed by Gittard near N isi in
the Peloponnesus (Chaub.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it
continues a favourite flower in parlours and gardens.
Hyacinthus Romanus of the East Mediterranean countries. — Possibly the “ niveus hyacinthus ”
of Columella x. too, for Pliny xxi. 38 speaks o f “ hyacinthis,” implying more than one kind growing
in Italy: H. Romanus is known to occur there in cultivated ground (Pers., and Gawl. in Curt. mag.
pl. 939). Eastward, is termed “ muscari byzantinum flore candicante ” by Tournefort inst. 347 ; and
was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus and on Cyprus.
OF A C C OM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 461
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