872 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
Geranium rotundifolium of Europe ancl the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Cornelius
Petrus, — and Fuch.sius 205 (Spreng.) : termed “ pes colmnbinus” by Dodoen.s pempt. 61, “ g. aliud
secundum.” by Dalechamp hist. 1277, “ g. folio malvæ rotundo” by C. Bauhin pin. 318, and Tonrnefort
inst. 268, and known to occur in cultivated ground from Sweden throughout Europe (Engl. bot.
pl. 157, and Pers.); observed by Linnceus in Sweden, frequent in cultivated ground; by Cavanilles
iv. pl. 93, in Spain ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in the Peloponnesus and on the Greek
islands.
Epilobium teiragonnm of Subarctic climates. Termed “ cliamænerion glabrum minus” by
Tournefort inst. 303, — and knovvn to grow from Sweden throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan.
pl. 1029, Curt. Iond. ii. pl. 23, Pers., and Wats.), also as far as Tauria (Bieb.) : was observecl Iry
Brotero in Portugal; by Forskal, ancl Sestini, in the environs of Constantinople. Westward, by
Hooker in Iceland, and received by him from Canada as far as 64°, from the Rocky mountains anci
Northwest coast; was observed by Mertens at 57° around Norfolk Sound on the Pacific. (See
E. montanum )
Epilobium hirsutum oi Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Cornelius
Petrus — (Spreng.) ; termed “ lysimachia purpurea” by Fuchsius pl. 277 (Gesn. ii. fig. 74), “ I sili-
qiiosa hirsuta magno flore ” by C. Bauhin pin. 245, “ cliamænerion villosum magno flore purpureo ” by
Tonrnefort inst. 303, and known to grow along rills throughout middle Europe (Dill. giss. 131, fl.
Dan. pl. 326, Curt. lond. ii. pl. 21. and Pers.) : observed by Linnæus in Sweden; by Sibthorp, about
Constantinople and on the Bithynian Olympus ; and is known to occur in Algeria (Boiss., and
A. Dec.).
“ 1534, March 30th ” (Alst., Bl.air, and Nicol. p. 337), the Protestant Reformation adopted by
Henry V III. of England : and an Act passed, declaring, That the king should be reputed “ Supreme
head of the Church of England.” In Paris and some other places in France, suspected Protestants
were seized, and on conviction burned alive.
One hundred and seventy-fifth generation. May 1st, 1534, onward mostly beyond youth: the
Jewish writers, Elia Levita, and Joseph Karo: the Greek writer Arsenius of Monembasia d. 1535:
Pelegrino Brocardi, Alciatus, Petrus Apianus, Paulus Jovius, Conrade Heresbache, Hieronymus
Fracastor, Sebastian Munster, and Georgius Agricola d. 1555 (Pouchet) : the medical writers, Andreas
Vesalius founder of the science of Human anatomy, Gabriel Fallopius, Paracelsus: the botanists, Io.
laxava, Aloysius Mundella : other writers, Francis Guicciardin ; cardinal Bembo; Ludovicus Vives ;
Clement Marot ; Rabelais: J. George Trissino; Marlin Bucer: Hieronymus Vida: Lilio Giraldi ;
archbishop Cranmer; John Leland; Peter Aretin ; John Sleidan ; Robert Stephens ; Adrian Tiirnebus ;
Annibal Caro; Budeus of Paris; Polydor Virgil : the painters, Gulio Romano d. 1546, Hans Holbein
d. 1554, Francesco Mazzuoli called Parmigiano d. 1540, Jacopo Palma il Vecchio b. 1510, Polidoro
Caldara da Caravaggio d. 1543, Danielle da Volterra d. 1566.
“ In this year” (palm-leaf ann. Jag., and W. W. Hunter, Stirling giving 1533), end of the Gangetic
dynasty, Katharuya Deva slain by the prime minister Gobind Bidyadhar, who now became
king of Orissa. — He disputed with the Muslims the possession of Rajmahendri, and reigned “ seven
years.”
“ May loth” (edit. Michelant), arrival of Jacques Cartier with two ships of sixty tons each at
Cape Bonavista in “ Lat. 48J° ” on the coast of Newfoundland. Following the coast Northward, he
reached the entrance of the bay of “ Chasteaulx ” (Straits of Belleisle) on the “ 27th ” and the harbour
of “ Rapont” in “ Lat. 51%°,” where he was detained until “ June 9th.” He entered the harbour
of “ Brest ” on the “ loth : ” in the course of a boat-excursion Westward, passing numberle.ss islets
he found a river which he named “ Sainct Jacques” and a large ship there from Rochelle, the captain
having missed his way, and going on board returned in her to “ Brest : ” the coast was frequented by
people painted with certain tawny colours, clad in skins of beasts and wearing feathers in their hair,
who came from the Southward in birch-bark canoes to capture seals. On the “ 15th,” leaving
“ Brest ” with his own vessels he sailed Southward about “ twenty ” leagues to a cape named ivy him
“ Double,” and ascertained that it formed part of the main land. On the “ i6th,” he followed the
coast South westward about “ thirty-five ” leagues. On the “ 17th,” with a violent Northeast wind he
sailed “ thirty-seven ” leagues Southwestward to a bay full of round islets like dovecots, a cape he
called “ Royal” (Anticosti) being “ seven” leagues distant South a quarter Southwest. On tlie
“ i8th ” the wind being adverse and violent, he returned towards cape “ Royal” seeking a harbour,
and discovered a wide bay with the Southern shore low, situated in “ Lat. 48°^ : ” the wind continued
adverse until the “ 24th,” when he discovered a cape in the Southeast wliich he named “ sainct Jehan,”
making his position about “ thirty-five ” leagues Southwest of cape “ Royal.” On the “ 25th,” the
weather continuing unfavourable, he discovered three islets covered with birds, and “ five” leagues
farther West, au island about “ two ” leagues in length and breadth which he named “ Bryon : ” land-
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 873
ing on “ Bryon,” he found fields of “ blé .sauuaige ” {Triticum repens) and of peas in full flower,*
“ prairies ” with odoriferous herbs and “ frassiers ” {Fragaria vesca and F. Virginiana), and a forest
of beautiful trees, one acre of the soil being worth all Newfoundland ; a cape “ four” leagues distant,
* Lathyrus maritimus oi the seashore of Subarctic climates. The beach pea (“ pisum maritimum”
of Linnæus) probably the “ poys en fleurs” seen by Cartier on Bryon Island and around
Chaleur Bay : — L. maritimus was observed by Lapylaie on Newfoundland ; by myself, on the seashore
of New England to 42° ; by Torrey, and A. Gray, to 40° 40' at the mouth of the Hudson ; by
Nuttall, on the shores of Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan; by Mertens, around Norfolk Sound;
according to Hooker, grows about Interior salines from the Saskatchewan to California, the mouth
of the'Columbia, and along the Arctic Sea to Bering’s Straits; and according to Decandolle, along
the opposite Asiatic coast to Kamtchatka and Okhotsk. Eastward, was observed by Hooker on
Iceland ; and is known to grow on the European seashore from Archangel to nearly 50°, but seems
wanting throughout Siberia (Morison ii. pl. 2, Pers., and A. Dec.). In the Southern Hemisphere,
has been observed at a single point, by J. D. Hooker in S. Lat. 47° in Araucania.
Rosa blanda of Subarctic America. Probably the “ rosses de Provins” seen by Cartier on
Bryon Island: — R. blanda was received by Aiton from Newfoundland and Hudson Bay (Pers.) ;
was observed by myself at 47° 30' on the Lower St. Lawrence and on the summit of Whiteface mountain
in Northern New York; according to Hooker, grows from Bear Lake Lat. 65° throughout
Canada; and according to A. Gray, from “ Vermont to Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, chiefly northward,”
the “ petals light rose-colour.”
Rosa lucida of Northeast America. The low w ild rose, probably the “ roses rouges ” seen by
Cartier fartier around Chaleur Bay, — and “ eglantine” seen by Gosnold on JalizaDetn Elizabeth Island istana (,(near Martha’s
marinas
Vi /ineyard) : “ plentie of single damaske roses verie ■ sweet”■' were seen ,
by Higgeson around Salem
(hist.
hist, coll, i. 119) ; and “ wild damask roses, single, but very large and sweet, but stiptick,” by
Josselyn osselyn 58 in Eastern New England England::
R. lucida is termed “ r. humilis ” by Marshall; is known to
grow in Newfoundland (Morrison, Dec., and Hook.) ; was observed by myself from 47° near Quebec
to 40° along the Atlantic ; by A. Gray, “ common ” in central New York : by Pursh, from New York
to Carolina; by Schweinitz, at 36“ in Upper Carolina; by Elliot, in Chatham County, Georgia; by
Croom, as far as 30° 30' ; by Chapman, “ Florida to Mississippi, and northward, mostly in dry soil,
common ; ” by Beck, a.s far as the Mississippi near St. Louis. Transported to Europe, is described
by Ehrhart ii., and Dillenius pl. 245.
Conioselinum Canadense of Northeast America. Umbelliferous and somewhat parsley-like,
probably the odorous “ persil” seen by Cartier on Bryon Island : — C. Canadense was observed by
Michaux at the mouth of the St. Lawrence (Pers.) ; by myself, frequent from 46° 3°' M 47° 3°' on
the Lower St. Lawrence; according to A. Gray, grows from “ Vermont to Wisconsin northward, and
southward in the Alleghanies;” and according to Chapman, on the “ high mountains of North
Carolina.” . „ u z- Fraxinus Americana of Northeast America The white ash: “ framnes were seen by Cartier
before entering Chaleur Bay : — F. Americana was observed by F. A. Michaux from Canada and
New Brunswick to the Genessee, becoming rare in Southern New York and Pennsylvania; by A.
Gray, “ common” in central New York ; by myself, from 46° to 42° along the Atlantic; by Pursh,
from Canada to Carolina; by Croom, near Newbern ; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman,
“ Florida to Mississippi, and northward;” and by Short, in Kentucky.
Fraxinus viridis of Northeast America. The green ash, possibly the “ frainnes” seen by Cartier
before entering Chaleur Bay : — Drummond found no species of Fraxinus North of 54° ; F. viridis
was observed by myself from 47° 30' on the Lower St. Lawrence to 42°_along the Atlantic ; by F.
A. Michaux, in the Western portion of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia; and according to A.
Gray, grows “ near streams, New England to Wisconsin and southward.”
mrnus Americana of Northeast America. The American elm sometimes called white elm (A.
Gray), a magnificent tree, probably the “ ormes blans ” seen by Cartier before entering Chaleur Bay:
— the “ broad-spreade elme whose concave harbours waspes” was seen by W. Wood m Eastern
Massachusetts : Drummond found no species of Ulmus North of 54° : U. Americana was observed
by F. A. Michaux from 48° 20' to Nova Scotia, the extremity of Georgia, and the Western States ; by
myself, from 47° 30' on the Lower St. Lawrence throughout New England, growing especially on
river-fl’ats, and most luxuriant North of Lat. 40°! by Pursh, from New England to Carolina; by
Chapman, in “ low grounds, Florida, and northward ; ” by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; and by Say, as
far as 49° on Red river of Lake Winnipeg.
Ribes {Grossularia) cynosbati of Canada. The prickly-fruited gooseberry, probably tim grou-
aiseliers blans ” seen by Cartier around Chaleur Bay : — G. cynosbati was observed by Michaux in
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