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4 9 4 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
Caspian countries and throughout Siberia to Kamtschatka (G m el, and Bieb.). Farther South the Z ' Z 0 ft®™ ft« S on th eim /: A.’ plantago w / observed bTSeÎife D e / 0 /'torea" ea n border of Egypt near Rosetta; was received by Fresenius from Abyssinia (A
D ec.). Westward, the account by Phny xxv. 77 of the “ alism a” or “ damasonion” or “ lyron”
seeins chiefly taken from Dioscorides : A. plantago is described by Valerius Cordus f. 60 (Splen»’)
and Fuchsius 42 ; is termed “ ranunculus palustris plantaginis folio ampliore et angustiore ” by T o u r/-’
fU n T l Z U Z -0 / i" 'ft*'«’ L""ft""«’ ""d ""iddN and far as Lapland (fl. Dan. pl. 561 D esf., Brot., Wats., and Lenz). Farther WesNt, owrtahse ronb sEeurrvoepde bays
Drummond m Lat. 54 m central North America at Cumberland House ; by Nuttall, on the Arkan
for S o / ll 0 "™®' 0 *® ft« ft'ft®"*' Kentucky; and is known to grow as
Un U , f t ' / f t ;™ 0 fi "P10 (Creom, and Chapm.), but so far as observed by myself
wwaZs obb/srerUve dd Uby ®Rw . /Bro wn g‘eftn® . rem. p. ®6ft0'® ifnt« A"u®s"t"r alia. PNces. In the Southern Hemisphere,
T T A of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The ATPUUCTIC • £N ■ Toi-
U i i t r / Z Dioscorides on Parnassus, and having K I C C LU-like leaves, a
b/ j HPlim ryv XxUXIiVv . 11X8, TIS referre0d hr e r"e by' Fr-aas T; S. ‘gftr'aNLn diflo*rea wfinags eorb asnerdv veder yb ys wSeibetth, o- rp m ienn stihoandeyd saitluso-
ations on mount Hymettus, and by F raas frequent on Parnassus. Westward, is termed “ helleborine
flore albo vei damasonium montanum latifolium ” by Tournefort inst. 436 ; and is known to »row in
/ / r U / v / l / ™ " ® “ “'*® ^"™ft® ft"" “ ®"’®"®" ft®'to PL 4', E n g l bot. p l 271,
Helleborini Hngua of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ glóssari” (Fraas) in
winch we recognize the-A o TX I Tl C of Dioscorides, having leek-like but broader leaves, and o l t Z
stem yellow flowers hke caps or comic masks with a tongue hanging downwards, — referred here bv
writOTs : H. hngna was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and FrUas", in grassy m /n ta “ ¡tu a b o /
in the ,Peloponnesus and as far as Parnassus. Westward, the “ loghitis” or “ këstrôn” or “ më-
thousa ,s identified m the Syn. Diosc. with the “ vënërëa” or “ lagkëôla” of the Romans • but the
Z r t f o h U 6 0 ''■’‘''i X 1 *® “ ” "®®” " ‘"ft®" ft"°“ Lioscorides : H. lingua is deséribed by
S » f a h e r ? ’Z " T ^ i ^ termed “ orchis montana italica lingu!
+ o i + + . X ï " + s i c : " » '■ ta"'"” F ,¿ c .
Aniberieum ramosum oí middle Europe. The * A A A m O N growing on hills accordin» to
£K °P |I NN LZUl T-likk’ee, /sieeddsT blfa cUk *a nd like half a 7l°e"n®ti l,f t™it"s ®sfmt®a^l l slender‘r or™oo t gree°n‘>is'ehr , iwtsh iflleo wfreerssh w haintde" atnhde
leaves seeds and flowers employed against scorpion and phalangium bites, — identified in the added
Synonyms witli the phalaggitmn ” or “ lëukakanthan,” and termed “ phalaggitës ” by Galen fac
Siinpl. VI,1. p^iso, IS referred here by writers : but A. ramosum has no! at foe p r e s e / d t been
observed m Greece. Westrvard, the account by Pliny xxvii. 98 of the “ phalangites ” by some called
phalangion or ■ leucanthemon ” or ,n some copies “ leucacantha,” seems chiefly taken from
D ioscondes: A. ramosum ,s described by Dodoens p. 106 (Spreng.); and is known to glow in
limestone distncts in Austria and F rance (Jacq. austr. pl. 16, Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and Steud )
jVarassusodorus of the Mediterranean countries. The B 0 A B 0 C called £ M 6 T I K 0 C havin»
according to D ioscondes longer and more thong-like leaves than the £AUUAIM0 Y k / ’ a n T i
black-skinned bulbous root that if eaten excites vomiting, — is referred to this tribe by Dodoens
Camerarius and Sprengel : N. odorus was observed by Gittard in the Peloponnesu! (Chaub ) ’
W®stward the account by Plmy xx. 4 , of the “ bulbus vomitorius ” witi, black and longer leaves thin
the other kinds, IS p®rhaps taken f"om Dioscondes : N . odorus is described by Rudbeck elys ii pi
50, and IS known to grow in various parts of Southern Europe (Hall. helv. 1251, and Pers ) ' Is according to Lmdley one of the species havîn» emetic properties.
M u sca riyo a tu m of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ vôrvôi” (Sibth I
USibbthtoZrp ®anZd CZhfau' b0a'r‘d , *,n® th0e / P£el"op o'n"n'e"s‘u' fst, "it”s l"efta vDeiso sncaorrriodwes, :lin_eMar.-l asnpciecoaltautme, aw asps aon bIsoen»/T • bbuy! nothing is said of the properties of its root. ’ '«"g > o «
SciHa Pancratium of the Mediterranean countries. The TTArKPATION hv some enllerl
C K I A A A M, haying according to Dioscorides leaves like K P I N UU but longer, a great reddish bulb
and properties hke C K I A A H but milder, - mentioned also by Galen sim pl viii. 16. i is re e red b?
recognize^1 Ub®y ™h./n rft - as a / *di®stin "c®t "-sftp"e'fct.i®efsi . Westw° ‘a rSd., mthaer it“impaa,n bcruat tiboyn ”S tebiyn hseoiml eto cSa llpeda n“c srcailllma,1!
pus,11am is described by Plmy xxvii. 92 as having the leaves of “ albi lilii ” but longer and “ crassi-
onbi^ thicker, the largue bulbous root “ rufo ” reddish : S. pancratium the “ bulb a b lit half the size ”
and pale green or whitish green or occasionally red, leaves much shorter more acute erect and narrower,
stem more glaucous, flowers smaller more compactly arranged with shorter bracts, flower-stalks
shorter, flower-bud more blunt, petals and sepals spread fully out white oval obtuse mucronulate
marked with a pale pink line along the middle of the back ” has been found in the environs of Cadiz
and on Malta (L indl).
Polygonatum multiflorum of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Italy “ sigillo di Salomone ”
o r “ sigillodi S. Maria” (Lenz), in Greece “ pölugönatön” (Sibth.), in which we recognize the
TT0 Ay ro N a t o N growing according to Dioscorides on mountains and more than two cubits high,
its leaves laurel-like but smoother and broader, with white flowers at the base of each, the long white
root hairy and geniculate, and as thick as the finger : — P. multiflorum was observed by Sibthorp, and
Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus ; by Gmelin, as far as East Siberia ; and by Thunberg, on mount
Fakon in Japan. Westward, is described by Matthioli p. 678 (Spreng.); is termed “ p. latifolium
vulgare ” by Tournefort inst, 78 ; and is known to grow on the Appenines and throughout middle
Europe as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pl. 152, Engl. bot. pl. 279, Wats., Savi, and Lenz).
Polygonatum vulgare of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain Solomon's
seal ox seal-wort {Vxiox), and perhaps included in the “ pölugönatön of Dioscorides, — referred here
by Clusius pannon. p. 264, and Sibthorp : P. vulgare was observed by Sibthorp in woods on mount
Parnassus. Westward, is termed “ p. latifolium flore majore odoro ” by Tournefort inst. 78; and is
known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 337, Pers.,
Spreng., and Lenz).
Streptopus amplexifolius of Subarctic climates. The I A A I A : PIZA having according to D ioscorides
OHYMYPCI N H-like leaves, and next them little tendrils bearing the flower, — is referred
here by Anguillara p. 259, and Sprengel. Westward, the account of the “ idaeae herbae ” by Pliny
xxvii. 69 seems taken from D ioscorides; but S. amplexifolius was observed by Anguillara frequent
in the forests of Italy; is described by Matthioli 841, and Columna phyt. pl. 15 ; and is known to
grow on foe Pyrenees, Jura, and other mountains of middle Europe (Pers., and D ec.). Farther
West, was observed by Wormskiold in Greenland (Meyer) ; by Colmeister, and Herzberg, in Labrador
from Lat. 57° ; by Lapylaie, in Newfoundland ; is known to grow throughout Canada and our
Northern States as far as Lat. 43° (near Utica, A. Gray), and farther South on the mountains of
Pennsylvania (Pursh) ; also in Northwest America at Unalascha, and across the Pacific in Kamtschatka
(Cham.).
Sparganium ramosum of Northern climates. Called in Britain bur reed (Prior) : the C TT A P
r A N i 0 N having according to Dioscorides ; I * I UU-like leaves, balls at the summit of the stem, and
its root and fruit taken in wine against poisonous animals, — identified in the added Synonyms with
the “ xiphithiön” or “ völön,” and mentioned by Galen sim pl viii. 18. 34, may be compared: S.
ramosum was observed by Sibthorp, and Gittard, growing in water from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople
; is known to grow also in the Tauro-Caucasian countries and Siberia (Bieb., and W ats.).
Westward, the “ sparganion ” is mentioned by Pliny xxv. 63 as taken in wine against snake-bites : S.
ramosum is described by Matthioli p l 702 (Spreng.), and Tournefort inst. 531 ; is known to grow in
Barbary and throughout Europe as far as Sweden (Curt. lond. v. pl. 66, Pers., and W ats.). Farther
West, was observedby Lapylaie in Newfoundland ; by Drummond, in Lat. 54°near Cumberland House
in central North America; by Short, in Kentucky; by myself, along the Atlantic from Lat. 43° near
Portsmouth to 40° ; and apparently the same species by Elliott in Georgia, and by Chapman in Florida.
Sparganium simplex of Northern climates. Agreeing better with the description of the leaves,
— according to Sprengel: S. simplex has not been observed in G reece; but is known to grow in
Siberia (W ats.). Westward, is known to grow in Barbary and Switzerland, and throughout middle
and Northern Europe as far as Russia and Sweden (Engl. bot. pl. 748, Pers., and Wats.). Farther
West, was observed by Drummond in Lat. 54° near Cumberland House in central North America ;
by myself, along the Atlantic from Lat. 44° to 42°, subaquatic and the terminal peduncle sometimes
branching, but a more humble plant than the preceding.
Calamagrostis epigeios of Northern climates. The KAAaMAFPUUCTIC larger in every way
than the ATPUUCTCUJC according to Dioscorides, and if eaten by cattle killing them, especially
along roadsides in Babylonia, — is referred here by Lobel, and others : C. epigeios was observed by
Chaubard frequent in humid situations in the Peloponnesus ; is known to grow also in Siberia (Wats.,
and Kunth). Westward, is described by Lobel adv. p l 6 (Spreng.) ; and is known to grow in Barbary
and throughout Europe as far as Russia and Lapland (P oll, Lightf. fl. Scot., Steud., and Wats.).
Farther West, was observed by Hooker on Iceland (but compare C. stricta of the Alpine portion of
foe White Mountains in New England and the mountains of Europe). This grass according to
Sprengel is in general avoided by cattle, and if eaten through necessity, is known to induce internal
inflammation and occasionally death.
Molinia cærulea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The KI N N AM so called in
Cilicia where it grows, and further according to Dioscorides iv. 32 if eaten moist by cattle often
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