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1 2 2 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
and “ other unclean people,” assembled all persons labouring under bodily infirmity in the quarries
East of the Nile; some “ learned priests” being included. The deserted city of Auaris was next
o-ranted ; when Osarsiph, one of the priests was elected ruler with absolute power. He prohibited
marriage outside of the community, and worship of the Egyptian gods ; rebuilt the city wall, called
Hyksos from Jerusalem, and seizing the granaries gained possession of Egypt (Jos. c. A. i. 26 to 29.
Other particulars are given by Manetho, who admits, that the account is not taken from Egyptian
records, but from “ unascertained writers” ).
1394 B. C. ( = 1280 y. 2 mo. -|- “ 13 years ” of Manetho in Jos. c. A.), withdrawal
of king Amënôphis and the Egyptian army into Ethiopia. Mienptah II. Siptah,
regarded by Rosellini as leader of tliis Second Hyksos invasion, holds the place on
the monuments of the seventh king of the Nineteenth dynasty. — He is however
__ ___ omitted in tlie series of kings at Medinet Abu.
He was placed on the throne by Bai, who with prince Seti of Ethiopia is represented on the mon-
uments as offering homage — (Birch).
Callisto daughter of Lycaon was slain hy Diana; whose worship and that of her twin brother
Apollo inaugurated hardly later than this date. — Callisto is alluded to by Pamphos, and lier tomb, a
mound sunnounted with a temple to Diana, was shown in Arcadia to Pausanias viii. 3. 6 and 35. 8.
■ Some centuries “ seculis aliquot ” before the Trojan war, building of the most memorable of the
Greek temples, that to Diana at Aulis. — All knowledge of the material employed, was lost before
the days of Pliny xvi. 79.
Phemonoe, first priestess of Apollo at Delphi, invented or first employed hexameter verse (Strab.,
Plin., Clem. Alex., and Pausanias x. 5. 7, who however in another place quotes a hexameter distich
ascribed to the anterior Peleiads). In augury, Phemonoe used principally the “ triorchem,” identified
by Pliny x. 9 with the “ buteonem ” of the Romans (tlie buzzard, Buteo vulgaris).
1290 B. C. ( = 1336 — “ 46 years ” of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129, see also Pausan. ii. 16. i), in
Greece, lasus succeeded by Crotopus, son of Agenor, and now ninth king at Argos.
Lycaon succeeded by his son Nyctimus, third king of Arcadia (EumeL, Asius, and Paus. viii. 3).
Aided by Nyctimus, his younger brothers Oenotrus and Peucetius led a colony into Italy ; the
earliest Greek colony, and so far as known to the Greeks, the earliest of all foreign settlers (Pherecyd.,
Antioch., Apollod. iii. 8. i, and Pans.). Italy was found to be inhabited by the Umbrians, “ a
very ancient people ” dispersed over many parts of the country ; and the Greek settlers with their
descendants became the people called “ Aborigines,” who are known to have subsequently welcomed
a body of Pelasgians, and at a later date the companions of Evander (Cato, C. Sempron., and
Dionys. i. p. 27). , . „
“ In the reign of Crotopus ” (Tat., and Clem. Alex.), and “ five generations ” after their first settlement
(Hellani and Dionys. i. p. 45), the Pelasgians expelled from Haemonia or Thessaly by Curetes,
Leleges (Laconians), and others, led by Deucalion. The event is sometimes termed “ the
Deluge of Deucalion,” and is regarded as the beginning of Hellenic ascendancy ; the name being
derived from Deucalion’s son Hellen, who now became ruler of the “ Dorians ” in Phthiotis (Herodot.
i. 56). , , 1 •
Of the expelled Pelasgians, a band proceeded by the way of Dodona into Italy, and producing an
oracle wexe received in a friendly manner by the “ Aborigines” (prior Greek settlers), and were
allowed to reside in Velia. The reinforced Aborigines, now able to repel the Sicels, seized Croton a
town of the Umbrians, occupied Caere or Agylla, — Pisa, SaUirnia, Alsium, and other towns wliich
they gradually took from the Tuscans, and penetrated into the Campania, where they founded among
other/owns Larissa, so named from a Larissa of their own in the Peloponnesus (Diodor. xiv. 118,
Strab. V. p. 220, and Dionys. i. p. 45). -
Other expelled Pelasgians joined the Expedition to Lesbos under Macar son of Crinacus, ancl
helped form a second settlement on that island— (Diodor. v. 81, Dionys. i. p. 47, see also Plesiod,
and Homer). , , r , -
The name of Siptah occurs at Silsilis, also on the Ramesseum at Thebes, — and with that ot Ins
wife queen Tasesurt in his tomb at Bab-el meluk (Glid. analect.).
A t the end of “ thirteen years exile ” (Maneth.), Merera Miamun recovered his kingdom, — and
was buried in the appropriated tomb of Siptah at Bab-el-meluk.
1281 B. C. ( = 1299 y. 8 njp. — “ 19 y. 6 mo.” of Manetho in Jos. c. A. = 1412 y.
I 2 m o ._“ 51 — 61 — 20 years,” 1071 + “ 209 years ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table =
1280), accession of “ Sëthôsis and Ramëssës : ” or Merera Miamum succeeded by his
Ison Ramessu III., second king of the Twentieth dynasty. — Pie immediately follows
, Merera in the series of kings at Medinet Abu.
1277 B. C. — “ 5th year of Ramessu I IP , ” the Libyans and their confederates defeated with
great slaughter— (Birch).
W ? J
1274 B. C. = “ 8th year of Ramessu I I I .,” a fleet having been prepared, the enemy defeated in
the eaxVitst naval combat on recoxd-, represented on the main hall of the great temple at Meclinet
A b u ; and (on comparing the historical account in Manetho and the statement of the Egyptian priests
to Germanicus, Tacit, ii. 60) the two foreign nations fighting the Egyptians should be the Phoenicians,
and people of Cyprus. The foreign ships were probably built of timber from Syria and the neighbour-
ing portion of Asia Minor. The Egyptian ships are similar in form ; and one of them, — a few years
lafer may have brought Danaus into Greece ; the celebrated “ pänteköntörös ” or first large galley
seen by the Greeks.
1273 B. C. ( = 747 + “ 526 y e a r s ” of Berosus in Alex. Polyhist., and Euseb. i. 4. p. 18, Berosus
using the Era of Nabonassar and placing Phul and Sennecherib afterwards), accession over Babylon
of the Assyrians : — a series of “ forty-five ” successive kings. (See below Sosares.)
“ In the reign of Crotopus ” (Tat., and Clem. Alex.), the conflagration through Phaethon; a historical
person— (according to Hellanicus, and Apollodorus).
As the sisters of Phaethon were transformed into poplars, whose tears along the “ Eridanum by us
called Padum” become a « « (Apollon. Rhod. iv. 506, Diodor. v. 23, and Pliny xxxvii. i t ) , this fossil
gum of the shores of the Baltic may now have first reached the Mediterranean countries : the transfer
to the Po of the name of the Rhine “ erithanon ” (see Choerilus) indicates the route across
Switzerland through the Greek or St. Gothard pass ; and bits of amber have been found among debris
. of Swiss lake-villages of the Stone age : — also, in prehistoric tombs in Italy between Albano and
San Marino (see Troyon p. 254 and 288) ; the palace of Menelaus (according to Homer) waYorna-
mented with amber; “ etoktron ” or amber is mentioned by Hesiod (Hygin. 154), Herodotus iii. 115,
and Timaeus (Plin. iv. 27) ; and the amber district on the Baltic, was visited by sea by Pytheas from
Massilia. Among the Orientals, I found amber in request in Egypt, highly prized to the present day.
Of other foreign articles brought into Switzerland in connexion possibly with the amber traffic,
Oxxental nephrite from Turkestan in Asia, white coral from the Mediterranean, and serpenllne and
f lin t chiefly from France, have been found among debris of early lake-villages (Troyon p. 288).
Trapa natans of Eastern Asia. Called in Britain water-nut or saligot, in France “ saligot ”
(Prior, and Nugent), in Germany “ Wassernuss,” in Italy “ castagna acquatica” or “ tribolo acqua-
tica ” (Lenz), in China “ lin-kio ” (Cibot) : possibly introduced into Switzerland as early as this date,
for remnants occur in the debris of lake-villages, — and the plant no longer grows in that country
(Haller 527, and Troyon p. 279) ; since the days of Lyte 536, has also disappeared from Britain, and
when once transported to a new locality is known to maintain itself for a long series of years (A.
Dec. g. b. 634 and soc. vaud. 1859) ; the “ trivölös gnutlirös ” was eaten as bread by the Thracians
(Dioscor., and Plin. xxii. 12) ; is described by Theophrastus iv. 9. I as growing not in all waters but
in the deep pools of rivers : T. natans is termed “ castaneas ferrarienses ” by Hermolaus Barbaras
(Spreng.), “ tribuloides vulgare aquis innascens ” by Tournefort inst. 655; is described by Lobel
hist. 324, and Camerarius pl. 715; is known to occur in Italy and middle Europe as far as Denmark
(Pers., and Fries) ; and was observed by Sibthorp in Greece. Farther East, is known to grow
around Caucasus and in Siberia (A. Dec.) ; was observed by Royle abounding in the lakes of Cash-
mere (Graham) ; by Cibot, under cultivation in China (mem. Chin. iii. 4 5 1); and by Thunberg in
Japan, the roots cooked and eaten. Was observed by Grant at “ 2° N. in the Nile,” also around the
margin of Lake Victoria N ’yanza, the nuts eaten by wild boars, gathered also by the Waganda, but
the name “ singara” indicates introduction from Hindustan (see T . bicornis).
The above Greek legend seems to imply that the basin of the Po was already dyked out and
planted with p o p la r s ;— a very conspicuous feature in the landscape to the present day, P . nigra
being rendered u n n a t u r a l l y tall by pruning, preventing the growth of large branches : an art known
perhaps in the days of Homer od. vii. 106, who speaks of the “ makgthnes ” high-tapering “ aigii-
röiö,” clearly implied in “ procerissiraas populos ” of Cicero, and “ populus” devoid of shade of
Pliny xvii. 18 : the “ populus fluviali consita ripa ” planted on the river-bank, is mentioned by Ovid.
Populus tremula of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain aspen, by Chaucer “ aspe,”
in Anglo-Saxon “ tesp ” or “ tepse,” in Germany “ aspe,” in Old High German “ aspa,” in Old Norse
“ espi ” (Prior), in France “ tremble ” (Nugent), in Italy “ tremolo ” or “ tremula ” or “ populo inon-
tan o” (Lenz) ; used occasionally for piles or posts of the early lake-villages of Switzerland (Troyon
p. i 5), and perhaps already planted along the Po, — where I found the tree rendered tall with the
preceding, so as to be distinguished only on near inspection : the industrious ever-moving leaves of
the “ makgthnes aiggiroio ” of Homer od, vii. 106 seem to belong here, as well as the leaf-stalk “ tre-
mulo populis et iisdem solis inter se crepitantia” of Pliny xvi. 38 ; P. tremula is known to grow from
Italy throughout middle and Northern Europe (Engl. bot. pl. 1909, and Lenz) ; was observed by Sibthorp
from Boeotia to mount Athos, by him and Belon, in the environs of Constantinople; by Clot-
Bey and Figari, in the gardens of E g y p t ; is known to grow wild throughout Northern Asia, or
according to A. Decandolle two-thirds around the Subarctic circuit of the Globe.
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