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656 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
Solanum insanum of Equatorial Africa. Mentioned by Abu’Ifadli — (Celsius hierobot., and
Spreng.) : and as transported to Europe, figured in manuscript V of the Anglo-Saxon herb. Diosc.
144 (Harley and Cockayne) ; described by Morison xiii. pl. 2, and Plukenet aim. pl. 226, and in English
greenhouses called egg-plant (Prior) from seeming to bear hen’s eggs. Eastward, has been observed
under cultivation in Ceylon (Rumph. v. ill. 85, and Scop, insubr. i.' pi. i). By European colonists,
was carried across the Atlantic to the West Indies (Pers.) ; and to Northeast America, where it
continues to be occasionally seen in greenhouses. “ S. ovigerum ” of Tournefort inst. 151, and Lam.
enc. p. 294, differing in the absence of prickles, is regarded by Persoon as perhaps only a variety.
Ihymbra spicata of the East Mediterranean countries. — Termed t. Abulfali ” by Adanson,
and known to grow in Macedonia and on Lebanon (Pers.) ; observed by Sibthorp pi. 546 on dry hills
from Crete and the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor. From transported specimens, described by Plukenet
aim. pi. 116.
“ 9 6 s A. D.” (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Murakami succeeded by his second son Ren-sei or
Rei-zen, now sixty-third dairo of Japan.
“ The same year ” (Marcel p. 97), death of the eunuch Kafur ; Abul Fawaris, a grandson of
Ikhschid aged “ eleven years,” becoming governor of Egypt.
“ Dec. 22d, about ten a. m.” (Blair), eclipse o f the sun. Observed at Constantinople.
The Khalifate or United Muslim Empire now virtually at an end : though the spiritual authority
of Mothi continued to be very extensively acknowledged.
“ 969 A. D.” (art de verif.), entrance into Egypt of an army from the West; sent by Moez hereditary
ruler of Barbary, claiming by his descent from Fatimah to be the real khalif. He obtained possession
of the government; and his authority vvas soon acknowledged in Palestine, Syria, and even
in Arabia. A coin issued by Moez, is figured in Marcel p. 102.
“ The same year” (Alst.), Nicephorus II. Phocas succeeded by Joannes Zemisces, thirty-ninth
Byzantine emperor.
“ The same year” (Nicol.), a Conference at Constantinople between the Catholics and Jacobites.
“ 970 A. D.” (Marcel), El-Kahira or Cairo founded by Djauhar Kaid, the general of Moez, for
the new seat of government. He also founded the mosque and college of EI Ezher — (Wilk. theb.
and eg.).
“ The same year ” (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Rai-zen succeeded by Jen-wo or Jin-jo or Yen-
wou, fifth son of Murakami, and now sixty-fourth dairo of Japan.
“ 971 A. D.” (Blair), the Bulgarians “ three hundred thousand” in number defeated in battle and
subjugated by Bardas, minister of Joannes Zemisces. This emperor also recovered “ the whole of
Judea” from the Muslims— (T. Wright early trav. Palest.).
“ 972 A. D.” (Marcel p. 102), the great mosque and college of EI-Azliar commenced by Djauhar
Kaid in the Northeast quarter of Cairo.—This continues to be the principal Arab university ; and'
students from Morocco, Astrakan, and Hindustan, were found there by Marcel.
“ The same year” (Munk, and Marcel), removal of Moez into Egypt.
“ The same year” (Alst.), at Rome, Joannes XIV. succeeded by Donus or Domnus II., seventieth
archbishop.
“ 973 A. D.” (Alst., and Nicol.), Otto succeeded by Otto II. or Otho IL , second emperor of
Germany and Italy.
“ The same year” (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Domnus II. succeeded by Benedictus VI.,
seventy-first archbishop.
“ 974 A. D.” (Alst,, and Nicol.), at Rome, Benedictus VI. succeeded by Benedictus VII.,
seventy-second archbishop.
975 A. D. (= “ 973 complete years ” of text), end of the chronicle of Ethelwerd, with the reign
of Edgar.
“ July i8th” (Nicol,), Edgar succeeded by Edward II. the Martyr, tliirteenth Anglo-Saxon king
of England. The fleet of Edward II. wa.s commanded by Brithric — (Blair).
“ The same year” (Alst.), death of Joannes Zemisces; leading to the loss of Palestine, which
returned to the dominion of Egypt. He was succeeded by the brothers Basilius II. and Constantinus
IX., joint rulers of the Byzantine empire.
“ The same year ” (art de verif.), Moez succeeded by Aziz, of the Fatimite dynasty, second sultan
of Egypt. A coin issued by Aziz — is figured in Marcel 103.
Citrus aurantium of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Bvitain orange, in Egypt “ narindj,” in
Yemen “ chommaesch ” (Forsk.), in which we recognize the “ narunj ” whose bitter juice has been
prescribed “ from the tenth century” by Arab physicians (Gallesio p. 122 and 247), and “ naraiij ”
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 657
of Edrisi, Abd-allatif, and Ebn Baitar: the bitter variety was already cultivated “ in Sicily in 1002,”
and was observed by the Crusaders in Palestine (A. Dec.) ; both the sweet and bitter varieties were
observed by For.skal, and Delile, in Egypt ; by Chaubard, in Greece; and are known to be abundantly
cultivated throughout the Mediterranean countries. Farther South, C. aurantium was ob.served
by Forskal under cultivation among the mountains of Yemen ; but the fruit seen by Barthema in
Yemen may have been imported from Egypt, as at the present day at Mocha : the oranges seen by
Vasco de Gama in 1498 in Eastern Equatorial Africa were probably the same cultivated at present
on Zanzibar, lemon-coloured and more acid than usual. Banians here being prohibited from eating
oranges, the fact may help to explain the non-cultivation of C. aurantium in Hindustan, where I found
only the imported fruit from Zanzibar. Farther East, C. aurantium is enumerated by Mason v. p. 452
as “ exotic” in Burmah and called “ lieng-mau,” its fruit “ quite abundant” but of inferior quality; is
probably the species with petioles almost always winged and fruit “ acido-dulcis ” observed by Loureiro
“ culta incultaque” in Cochinchina and China, for C. aurantium I was assured by Mr. Williams
grows wild in Southern China : throughout the Malayan archipelago, was observed by myself only
at Manila, a small quantity of the fruit in market, clearly the .species described by Blanco as having
the flesh adhering to the rind and pleasantly acid. By European colonists, was carried to Madeira,
where it was observed by .Cadamosto in 1454 ; to the West Indies, where it became naturalized in the
lifetime of Oviedo, and has extended throughout Florida; to Brazil, where I met with both the bitter
and sweet varieties ; and to the Taheitian, Hawaiian, Samoan, and Feejeean groups, the sweet variety
only as verified by myself. (See C. Sinensis.)
In this year (= 925 -)- “ 50 years reign ” of the Mahavams. LX.), Mahaloo Wijayaba succeeded
by Wickramabahoo, now king of Ceylon.
“ In this year (= 365 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Alptegin succeeded by his son Isakh ; who, proceeding
with Sebektegin to Bokhara, was appointed by Mansur governor of Ghazni, and Sebektegin
his deputy.
“ 976 A. D. = .‘ tai-ping-hing-koue,’ ist year of Tai-tsoung III., of the Soung” or Twenty-first
dynasty—(Chinese chron. table).
Hunahpu, third king of Guatemala, may have been at this time reigning— (art de verif. contin.).
Theobroma cacao of Eastern Equatorial America. The chocolate tree wild in the forest along the
Oronoco and Amazons, and the use of its nuts discovered in the reign of Hunahpu*— (art de verif.
contin.) : under the Mexican emperors the “ cacar!” was much cultivated and “ chocolatl” made from
its nuts, which were used besides for money (Hernand. iii. 46, and Flumb. iv. 10) ; on the coast of
Honduras, nuts in the hands of natives in a canoe were found by Columbus to be highly prized
(F. Columb. 8g). The living tree, described by Lopez de Gomara (Spreng), was quickly introduced
by the colonists into the West Indies, where it was observed by Sloane ii. pl. 160, and Catesby iii.
pl. 6: by Pedro Bravo de Lagunas, was can'ied in 1670 from Acapulco to the Philippines, a single
stock from which most of the trees now so abundant have been derived (Blanco) ; thence to Burmah
(Mason) ; to Hindustan (Wight, and Graham), where according to Drury it “ has been long introduced.”
Vanilla aromatica of Central America. A climbing Orchideous epiphyte called in Mexican
“ tlilxochitl” ( ), and its product vanilla used perhaps from the beginning in making chocolate
: — “ vinelloes ” with which chocolate is perfumed, were seen by Dampier on the coast of Honduras.
By European colonists, was carried to the We.st Indies, observed there by Catesby iii pl. 7,
and Swartz; to Burmah (Mason); to Egypt, where according to Ciot-Bey it is successfully cultivated.
Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet, and is termed “ v. mexicana” by Miller (Steud.).
“ The same year” (Lubke and Lutrow), at Venice, the church of San Marco injured or destroyed
by fire. — The walls of the present edifice were completed “ in 1043 ; ” and the building consecrated
“ in 1085 ; ” but “ tlie decorations of the round hills, with Gothic flowers,” and “ the finials of the tabernacle,”
were added in the “ Fourteenth century.”
“ In or about this year (=366 A. H, comm. Aug. 29th,” Gildem.), Ebn Haukal writing liis
geographical work. He mentions Heathen tribes continuing in Sind; Bodhites, the Mund a pastoral
* Gossypium Jamaicense, G. purpurascens, and G. oligospermum of the West Indies and neigli-
bouriiig portion of Tropical America. The use of cotton for spinning and weaving also discovered in
the reign of Hunahpu — (art de verif. con-tiii.) : Columbus landing on Cuba found cotton spun and
woven by the natives, from plants that “ are not set, but grow naturally about the fields like roses”
(P- Colimib. 28 to 47) ; the wild cotton of Hayti is described by Oviedo as very abundant, forming an
article of export to Spain ; cotton growing wild in Northern Mexico is mentioned by Vasquez (Sloane ii,
69) ; and the above three species were observed by Macfadyen i. 72 wild on Jamaica and not cultivated
(A. Dec.).
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