122 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
IÌ.VStÌÌIh: I
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Olympus and around Colophon ; C. scammonia was received from Asia Minor 0 Matthioli ; is termed
5 — ia syriaca” by C. Bauhin pin. 294. “ c. syriacus ” by Tournefort inst. 83 ; was observed
bv Sibthorp in the hedges of Rhodes, and he further ascertained that it yields Aleppo scammony.
Westward, the imported drug “ scammonea” or “ scammonium ” is menhoned by Cato, C ic^o, Celsus,
Scribonius Largus, and Vegetius ; and the kind called by the Romans kolophônion, « J / ;;
and by Pliny xxvi. 38. The drug scammony according to Lindley is a resm obtained from the ,
but is “ extremely uncertain,” the difference in quality due in part to “ manipulations of the Jews.
I h e X e year ( = 317 + “ 1100 yrs ” of Puranas, Lassen, and C. 0 . Mull, note to Arnan md. 9 ,
in Hindustan, accession of Somapi son of Sahadeva as first king of Magadha under the Kah I e™ d
— “ Forty-four or forty-five” kings follow, down to Sandracottus, an average reign of more than
twenty-four^^ars^ 1413 y. 3 0 2 || d. = 1240 - f half of the “ 430 years ” of ten lunations of Ex xiii.
40 adivi’sion sanctioned by immemorial usage among the Jews), “ Beth-horon the nether and tie
tpper and Uzzen Sherah,” cities in Palestine, founded by Sherah (1 Chron. vii. 24) : an undertaking
that c’ould only be carried out with the aid and assent of the Egyptian goyernment The frvo cities
fi ! n /ntioned bear the name of king Oros or Horemheb, - were certainly in existence prim o the
S f b r r X q u e s t of Palestine (Josh, x" 10, xvi. 5, xviii. 13, and xxi. 22) ; were repaired by Solonion
(2 Chron. viii 5) ; and to the present day are recognized m the two neighbouring villages called
“ B e i t - û r ” (see R o b i n s o n t o p o g . Palest, i i i . S9 t o 62). 1 ,<? _L
1413 July 20th (== 753 + a phcenix of 660 years = 128 A. D. + 1540 years = 3 « + 18 +
r o ” 4 - erased 6 + “ 124 + 177 + 44 + 44 + 19 + 48 + la i + 228 + 194 years of the^ Egyptian
O iroiicle = “ 5th year of Kogharis ” of Manetho in^Syncell the AfryManetfr +
J - a 4- - 4- 38 -4- 20 y. 4 mo.+ 6 + 124 y. 4 mo. + 150 y- 6 mo. + 4° + 6 + 8 9 -4 4 2 + 13 + «
l i t t i l + i t + t3S + 209 years ” = 1412 y. 2 mo., and the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving 4^ 6
t t t o + 2T y .1 uTo. +^6 + 120 y. 4 mo. + 42 + 25 + 17 + 6 + 45 + 8 + 6 + 7 + <2 + 44
t X t - L 1 + 130 + 178 + 194 + 40 years ” = 1413 7- 8 mo., or m the Armenian version 522
1 8 nt 4- “ 167 + 44 + 44 + 44 + 49 + >30 + 178 + >94 + 40 years = 1412 y. 8 mo.. T h em s
L co u n t aoreeing, for the reign of Menophre or Seti Mienptrh is conventionally extended in the Afr.-
t L e t h . Table beyond this date), end of the second Great Year: fairly counted by the calendar used
X X Dhoenix, \ + \ r V fo figured at Amarna, and so far as I have been able to discover, for
' the first time on t r N the Egyptian monuments. — Subsequently, the hieroglyphic character
o r t e t t t x t by no m lans rare, and continues in use until the end of hieroglyphic
wi-ifn<z (Leps. d. i i i « « 226, and iv. pl. 74- See butterfly,mnd Horapollo 1. 3J 33. a»d »• 0 )-
The sculptures at Amarna have been already mentioned as remarkable for the J J®
Eroptian gods and the substitution of the sun’s disk with rays extenfong downwmd, each ‘J ™ / / «
in a hand, expressing in hieroglyphic writing a new idea, revealed religion ; but Horus also saw l e
gods,” — and a later king Amenophis desired the same privilege (Maneth ), and on each occasion
Israelites . e accession therefore of Oros or Horus or Horemheb, ninth king of the Eighteenth
dynasty, not earlier than the last-named date. H is name is next to that of Amunhotep
I I I . — in the series of kings at Abydos, Gurna, Medinet-Abu, and in Manetho s li.st0
Horemheb restored the ancient religion, demolished the temples erected by his
_ immediate predecessors and with the stones built the fourth pylon at Karnak (Birch) •
and firores of the EvypUan gods again make their appearance on the monuments.
” H e X a le a su X l/u lm ® ^ Ethiopians recorded in grottoes 0 SiNihs
(Birch) ; built additions to the temples at Luxor and in the A sasif; ins name occurs J
at Gebel Addah ; and perhaps at Sedeinga or Sai. where sculptures of the time of the Etyhteenth
and N ineteenth” dynasties were found by Lepsius eg. and sin. 19. , , , .
f o S B C. l i s t year of Yang-kia, of the Chang ” or Fourth dynasty - (Chinese chron table).
The same year ( = 1368 + “ 40 years ” of Euseb. i. and ii.J accession o Ascatades as Assyrian
emoeror “ T h ir ty -e igh t ” years are however assigned to his reign by Syncellus.
1A07 B C. = “ 7th year of Horemheb,” the latest date in his reign found on the monuments
(Leps. k. tab. p. 17, and Bircli). Finely-executed statues of this king, — now in the museum at
T u r i n , are mentioned by Champollion-Figeac. , „
On two stela under the “ Eighteenth dynasty,” a sort of secret or cypher writing was
by D e Rougé ; and in the royal tombs at Bab-el-meluk, something of the kind ^ J / ^ ’®®® ^
pollioh. — the art of writing in cipher or occult characters, seems mentioned by Homer il. vi. 168 ,
and is known to have been long practised in the East r t ;« . • who further
A possibly belonging to the reign of Horemheb, is mentioned by Birch who fui ti er
ascertained, that the dead were already provided with fu n e ra l papyri (inscribed doubtless as in after
times with portions of the Egyptian Ritual). Bodies of persons who lived as early as this reign being
rare, I mav mention seeing at Thebes an unopened inner mummy-case, in the style of workmanship
belonging to the Eighteenth and Nineteenth dynasties, and highly finished.
“ 1401 B. C. = 1st year of Pan-keng, of the Chang” or Fourth dynasty (Chinese chron. table).
He changed his family name of Chang to “ Yn : ” — and the new name is by some writers applied to
the remaining emperors of the dynasty.
The same year ( = 1417 — “ 12 y. 3 mo. — 4 Y- > rno.” of Jos. c. A., = “ 16 y.” in the
Euseb.-Maneth. table, the Afr.-Maneth. table giving — “ 12— 5 ” = 1400), accession of
Ramessu, head of the Nineteenth dynasty. On the monuments— he is placed next
I after Horemheb in the series of kings at Abydos, Gurna, and Medinet Abu.
Eighty-seventh generation. Jan. ist, 1400, mostly beyond youth; Hezron (Gen.
xlvi. 12., Num. xxvi. 21, Ruth iv. 18, and i Chron. ii. 5 to 24) ; Rephah, Reslieph, and Telah ( i Chron.
vii. 25).
Ramessu completed some of the columns of the temple at Luxor ; and set up a large stela at
Wady Haifa in Nubia.
The same year = “ 2d year of Ramessu ” at Wady Haifa, the latest date in his reign found on
the monuments (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 583).
Ramessu engaged also in a military campaign against Syria (Birch) : and his tomb, only partially
finished, has been found at Bab-el-meluk near Thebes.
1399 B. C. (=: 1417 — “ 12 — 5 — I ” in the Afr.-Maneth. table, Manetho in Jos. c.
A . giving — “ 12 y. 3 mo. — 4 y. > mo. — i y- 4 mo.” = 1400, the Euseb.-Maneth.
table — “ 12 — 5 — I ” = 1397, and the Afr.-Maneth. table in another place 1366 +
“ 32 y .” = i393), accession of Sëthôs or Seti Mienptah, second king of the Nineteenth
dynasty. — He is next after Ramessu in the series of kings at Abydos, Gurna, and
Medinet Abu..
The same year = “ is t of his reign ” on the monuments, Seti Mienptah carrying on war in Syria,
as far as Kanana or the “ Canaanites ” (Leps. eg. and sin. 450, and Birch) ; farther North, he reached
Lebanon, or at least a wooded country, as shown by tufts of fe rn and the forest of spruce figured on
the temple at Karnak (Rosselin. i. pl. 46).
The felling of some of these spruce trees, taken in connexion with flag-staff receptacles projecting
from the walls of the temple, demonstrate the existence of navigation upon the Mediterranean.
Abiespicea of the mountains of middle and Southern Europe, and as far as Caucasus. Called
in Britain silver f r from its white trunk (Prior), in Germany “ weisstanne,” in Italy “ abezzo ’’ or
“ abeto” or “ abeto bianco” or “ abeto comune,” or in Lombardy “ pezza ” or “ p e sc ia ” or “ peccia”
(Lenz), in Greece “ ë la të ” or “ ëlatôs ” (Sibth.), and clearly the species in question : — .spars of
surprising length, said to have come from Syria, were observed by myself floating in the harbour of
Alexandria. Farther North, the “ ëlatë ” growing on the mountains is termed “ ouranomekes ” tall
as the heavens by Homer il. xiv. 2S7 and od. v. 239, is mentioned also by Euripedes cycl. 385, Theophrastus,
and its resin by Dioscorides i. 91 and 92 : A. picea was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard,
on all the high mountains of Greece ; is known to grow also on the mountains o f Asia Minor as far
as Caucasus"(Bieb.). Westward, the “ p ic ea ” is mentioned by Virgil as forming dark groves ; by
Pliny xvi. 18 to 28, as having leaves like a comb and growing on mountains : A. picda is termed “ a.
taxi folio fructu sursum spectante ” by Tournefort inst. 585 ; is known to grow on Sicily, and throughout
the Apennines (Guss., and Schouw), Alps, Pyrenees, and Carpathians to “ Lat. 51° 1 5 '” in
Silesia (A. Dec.) ; perhaps in ancient times farther North, for the relics in the peat-bogs of Britain
and the Shetland Islands (Edmonst. ann. nat. ii. p. 71) may in part be derived from ocean-currents.
The tree according to Sprengel, and Lindley, yields “ Argentoratensis ” or Strasburgh turpentine.
A sp id ium f lix-mas oi Enrobe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain male fe rn
(Prior), in Germany “ wurmfarn,” in Italy “ felce maschia” (Lenz), in Greece wiih other kinds
“ ptëris ” (Fraas) ; agreeing with the tufted fern in the spruce forest figured on the walls of Karnac :
— the “ thëluptëris ” is described by Theophrastus ix. 18 as useful against both roundworm ancl
tape-worm ; by Dioscorides, as taller than the “ ptërithi ” with many sprouts, which are eaten while
young, and in the added Synonyms is identified with the “ numphaian ptërin ; ” A. filix-mas was
observed by Sibthorp in woods on Crete and Zacynthus. Westward, the “ tlielypterin ” or “ nym-
phaeam pterin ” is identified by Pliny xxvii. 55 with one of the two kinds of “ filicis ; ” A. filix-mas
is termed “ f. non ramosa dentata” by Tournefort inst. 536; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy ;
is known to grow as far as Britain, and “ all over the North of Europe ” (Engl. bot. pl. 1458, and
Lindl.). The rhizoma according to Lindley is “ used as an anthelmintic ; the oil o f fern, extracted
by ether, is the most efficacious.”
1391 B. C. = “ 9th year of Seti Mienptah,” in an inscription at Assouan enumerating the monuments
he had constructed — (Birch).