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708 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
“ In the Twelfth century ” (Pouchet), Adelard of Bath visiting Greece and Egypt.
“ 1151 A. D.” (Blair), “ after twenty-four years labour,” the composition of the Canon ¿aw by
Gratian o ^ ^ Y ^ Elph.), Behram having put to death his son-m-Iaw, prince
of the dependent territory of Ghor, and afterwards a brother of the deceas£, Ghazm now ^rhaps
the oreatest city in Asia, was captured ancl destroyed by a third brother Ala-u-dm d'ori Behiam
was driven across the Indus, where dying, his son Khusru continued the retreat and established Ins
seat of iroverninent permanently at Lahore. ^ x
“ In this year” (palm-leaf ann. Jag., and W. W. Hunter, Stirling giving U51), Chor^nga S £ -
ceeded by Gangeswar, now king of Orissa. His lerritories are said to hare erfencled from the
Ganges to the Godaveri. - He excavated a splendid tank between Pippli and Khuffiha.
“ After September” (Nicol,), a synod at Mellifont in Ireland. The archbishoprics of Armagh,
Dublin, Cashel, and Tuam , were appointed. ^ .
“ nS3 A. D. (= 548 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), after capturing and reinstating Ala-u-clin Ghon,
the Sel'uks under Saniar overwhelmed by the Uses, a hitherto unknown tribe of Tartms.
“ TulvQth” (Nicol.), Eugenius I I I . succeeded by Conrad cardinal-bisliop of Sabino now Anastasius
IV., twelfth pope. Fredericus Barbarossa ruling Germany and Italy ; and Malcolm IV,,
^“ /ffi/this year, in the time of Fred. Barbarossa” (Galvan.), arrival at Lubec of a small barge
propelled by oars containing strangers whose language the Germans could not understand, nor could
th e y a.scertain from w hat country — (probably aboriginal North Americans). _
“ The same year” (Lubke and Lutrow), the Baptistery at Pisa built by Diotisalvi.
“ IK4 Tan. (— 548 A. H. cliewal,” Jaubert), the geographical work of Edrisi completed.
Eious 'salicifolia of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen “ thaab ” (Forsk.); the talliat el-niehk
tree markin» the boundary between Mecca and Yemen, and descnbed by Edrisi 11. 5 as resembling
the wilbw but larger, — may be compared; F. salicifolia was observed by Forsfel p 1 7 9 frequent
among the mountains of Yemen, a very large tree with pendent branches, its bark furnishing ignitingcords
for m atchlock m uskets.Cynosurus ? duriis of Syr ia and Egypt. A grass called in Nub^i a “ anbarfr eih ,„” i• n tE- p pt “ lialjffetehx ”
(Del ) and the “ halfa ” growing according to Edrisi v. 7 on mountains on the East side of the Caspian,
Collected and sold by the inhabitants and their principal resource, = may be compared : the
ft halfa ” is also mentioned by Ebn Baitar ; C. durus is known to grow in Palestine (Linn. fl. £ l .) ,
was observed by Forskal as far as Ghomfude in Arabia; by Lippi, Forskal p. 21, and Delile in
E»vpt used to heat ovens and made besides into coarse cordage ; by myself, frequent throughout on
thi river-flat, especially towards its margin. Eastward from the Caspian, is said to grow in Hmdustan
( £ £ £ " £ £ £ offigg seventy-sixth dairo Konjei ” (Kaempf. ii 5), birth of Joritomo
at the court of Japan. The dragon at this time infesting the palace, — in the accounts of Japane.se
historians (art de verif.), seems an allusion to internal dissensions and the change in form of government
eventually effected by Joritomo. , - j : , ,i,„ Mnrtpr
“ During Lent ” (Nicol.), a synod in London. “ The ancient customs contained in the charter
of king Edw°ard, and the privileges of the clergy ” were revived. _ , otp
Beginning of “ the party names of Guelfs and Gibbelines ” (Blair) : the Guelfs siding wi
pope; Ind thi Gibbelines, with the German emperor (Alst. p. 184). ^
“ Dec 3d” (A.lst and Nicol.), Anastasius IV. .succeeded by cardinal Nicolas Breakspeare, now
Hadrianus IV., thirteenth pope: the only Englishman ever placed at the hetal of the Catholic churcrt
“ A D ” (Alst. p. 393), Ireland ceded by the English pope Hadrianus IV. to Henry
England : on condition, That tithes should be exacted annually, and the ecclesiastical rights mam-
*"'"®/£}/ame year” (art de verif.), Dhafer succeeded by Fayez of the Fatimite dynasty, tenth
BerberiEaristata of the mountains of Plindustan. Called in Arabic “ aarghees ” (J.
index)! in which we recognize the “ aargis ” of Gafeki,-and Ebn Baitar: B. anstata is mentioned
in the Ulfaz Udwiyeh I, and by Birdwood cat. bomb. 5. , - 1 ommi-
Geranium nodosum of Europe and Northern Asia as far as Cashmere. Called^t Lahore
ut-rai ” (Honi»b. 393, and J. F. Wats, index), in which we recognize the ibrat alrai of Gafeki,
Ebn Baitar. 'g . nodosum was observed by Sibthorp on the mountains of the
farther West, is described by Tournefort inst. 267 ; and is known to grow in Southern •
and even in England (Cav. iv. pl. 88, Pers., and Engl. bot. pl. 1091). ^ ^ . caf u-din
“ 1156 A. D. (= 551 A. PI.” of Ferisht, Elph,), Ala-u-din Ghon succeeded by bis son Seif
Ghori, now sultan of Ghor and Ghazni.
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 709
“ In this year” (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Konjei succeeded by Go-sijrakawa, fourth son of
To-ba, and now seventy-seventh dairo of Japan. In the first year of his reign, a revolt
“ In or about this year” (Garc. de la Vega), Mayta Capac succeeded by his son Capac Yupanqui,
fifth inca of Peru. — He built a floating bridge across the outlet of Lake Titicaca, vine-bridges across
rivers, also roads, extensive canals of irrigation, and extended the empire Northward, beyond its limit
of “ seven leagues” from Cuzco. He commenced the fortress of Sacsahuaman near Cuzco (Salcam.
edit. Markli. 88).
Galipea officinalis of the Upper Oronoko. • A Xanthoxyloid tree called there “ orayuri ” (Lindl.),
its bark from early times bruised and employed to intoxicate fishes ;* — being carony or true angostura
bark, one of the most valuable febrifuges known: observed by Hancock (med. bot. trans. 1829
pl. 2) on the higher lands “ of Carony between 7° and 8° N.,” well known also in “ the Southern and
back missions of the Orinoko.”
“ 1157, Jan. 25th ” (Nicoh), a synod at Constantinople. “ On the celebration of divine service.”
“ In this year (=552 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Seif-u-din Ghori succeeded by Gheias-u-din
Ghori, now sultan of Ghor and Ghazni. He associated his brother Shahab-u-din in the government,
and left to him the chief conduct of military operations.
1159 A. D. = “ 1084 an. jav.” (Madura trad., Nata Kasum., and Raffles x.), Muda Sari succeeded
by his son Raden Pankas, now king of Java. Who removed the seat of government to Pajajaran.—
The site of Pajajaran, marked by a heap of stones, and lines of fortification, continues to be pointed
out.
“ In this year” (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), the revolt and civil war continuing, abdication of
Go-sijrakawa or Go-ziro-kawa, who retired among the bonzes or priests. Pie was succeeded by his
eldest son Nidsioo, now at the age of sixteen years dairo of Japan.
“ Sept. 7th” (Nicol.), Hadrianus IV. succeeded by cardinal Roland, now Alexander I II., fourteenth
pope,
“ 1160 A. D.” (Elph.), Khusru succeeded by his son Khusru Malik, now second sultan of Lahore,
— and as it proved the last.
“ In this year” (Nicol.), in a synod at Oxford, thirty heretics condemned.
“ The same year” (Alst.), at Lyons in France, the Waldenses, an association for moral and
religious reform, commenced by Waldus.
“ The same year” (Crawfurd vii. 11), the city of Singhaptira founded by a Malay colony under
Sri Turi Buwana, from the original country of that people by the way of Palembang in Sumatra.
(According to Malay annals, by Sang Nila Utama son of Sang Sapurba chief of Menangkabati,
Raffles X . ) .
“ The same year” (art de verif.), Fayez succeeded by Adhed, of the Fatimite dynasty, eleventh
sultan of Egypt.
“ In this year” (Clavig. i. 112, Holmes suppl., see also Humb. iii), commencement of the Aztec
migration : the Aztecs leaving Aztlan on their way South, — removing during several years from place
to place towards Mexico.
Cucúrbita maxima of Tropical or Subtropical America. The pumpkin called in Brazilian “ juru-
mii” (Marcgr. 44), in Carib “ jujuru” or “ babora” (Desc), and cultivated from early times: f —
* Galipea cusparía of Eastern Equatorial America. An evergreen forest-tree sixty to eighty feet
fl'g'h — and erroneously supposed to yield angostura bark : ob.served by Humboldt ii. pl, 57 and termed
“ cusparla febrifuga ; ” observed also by A. Saint-Hilaire (Dec. prodr. i. 731, and Lindl.).
Galipea? sp. of Columbia. A tree furnishing malambo bark, aromatic — “ with very active bitter
astringent and febrifugal properties” (Lindl.) : supposed by Bonpland to be furnished by some tree
allied to Galipea; and described by Wm. Flamilton (med. bot. trans. 1834).
Aydendron laurel of Venezuela. A Lauroid tree with olive-like fruit, and aromatic seeds —
erroneously supposed to be pichurim beans : observed by Humboldt and Bonpland ii. 126 in marshy
grounds by Calabozo (Lindl.).
t Ambrosia artemisifolia of Northeast America. A weed called in Carib “ atyonaragle ” (Desc.),
and known from early times: — observed by Descourtilz in the West Indies; by Baldwin in Florida
in Lat. 31°, in “ cultivated ground everywhere” according to Chapman; by Michaux, among the
Alleghany mountains of Carolina ; by Nuttall, in Arkansas. Probably accompanied the native tribes
beyond its natural limits, for it now occurs abundantly in cultivated ground as far as Lat. 45°.
Amaranthus spinosus of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of North America. An herb
called in Carib “ coety” (Desc.), and known from early times:—termed by Sloane in 1707 “ blitum
americanum spinosum,” and described as occurring along roadsides in the West Indies, and abounding
in Mexico and Louisiana; observed also in the West Indies by Descourtilz; by Chapman, in
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