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or l/fy o f the valley or mugget, in France “ muguet,” in Old French “ musquet ” from “ muscatus”
scented with musk (Prior), in Greece “ krinos ” (Sibth.) or at Constantinople “ margaritaria” (Forsk.);
and the LiLlI SyL V 2.TIC I S Ll C C Ll S prescribed by Marcellus r 6 — may be compared : the “ hamai-
kSrasos ” of Euporist. i. 154, a small herb with fragrant flowers having the odour of musk succeeded by
cherry-like fruit, is referred here by Gesner, and Sprengel : C. majalis was observed by Sibthorp in
the Peloponnesus ; by Forskal, in gardens at Constantinople ; is known to grow wild 011 Caucasus
and in the Tauro-Caspian countries (B ieb.), and in Siberia as far as but not beyond the Ural and
Irtisch (Gmel., and Pall.). Westward, the “ lilium convallium” is mentioned by Platearius, and in
the £ ulgate translation of Cant. ii. i : C. majalis is figured in Ortus sanitatis 256; is clescribed also
by Joannes Manardus (Spreng.), Brunfels i. 2U , Fuchsius, Dodoens, and Lobel ; is termed “ 1. convallium
album ” by Tournefort inst. 77 ; was observed by Brotero only under cultivation in Portugal;
but is known to grow wild in wooded mountainous situations iu middle Europe, and throughout
Northern Europe as far as Russia and Lapland (fl. Dan. pl. 854, Pers., D ec., and W ats.). By European
colonists, wa.s carried to Northeast America, where it continues a favourite garden flower, and
has become naturalized along the Sassafras river in the Delaware peninsula (Baldw.), at the Sweet
Springs among the mountains of Virginia (B. S. Bart.), and on the tops of the Alleghanies in Carolina
(M x.).
Stratiotes aloides of the Malayan archipelago ? From its sword-like leaves called iu Britain
knight's w ort or knight's woundwort or knight's pondwort or w ater soldier or w ater sengreen
(Prior); and the juice of the h e R b 2ce G L 2c 6 12cT 0 R I C I A, 6 prescribed by Marcellus 16— may
be compared : S. aloides is described by Dodoens p. 58S; is knovvn to occur in slow-moving waters
in Britain and Denmark (fl. Dan. pl, 337, and Pers.) ; and recently introduced into France, has
extended itself in certain localities, although not producing seeds from the presence of one sex only
(A. de Juss., and A. D ec.). Eastward, according to Kunth en. iii. 8, grows wild from Malabar to
Java and the Moluccas.
Eriophorum vaginatuni of Northern climates. The L2cN u G IN em from V IR lb l p 2c p y R 0,
on the summit q U 2.SI p 2cNICLlL2c6 em iN e N T I S . prescribed by Marcellus 34 — may be compared
: E. vaginatum is knovvn to grow from Lapland and Russia to France and Switzerland (fl Dan.
pl. 236, Dec. fl. fr., and W ats.) ; was observed by Gmelin throughout Siberia. Westward, by Hooker
on Iceland; by Lapylaie, on Newfoundland ; by myself, as far as Lat. 42° near Boston; by Baldwin,
as far as 39° 30' in D elaware; and by Pursh, from “ Canada to Virginia.”
Polypodiuin phegopteris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The roots of the F ill
C u L 2„e called in Gaul R 2.TIS and growing,often IN F 2. G O, prescribed by Marcellus 2 5— maybe
compared: P. iihegopteris is knovvn to grow in Britain (Engl. bot. pl. 2224) ; and was observed by
Sibthorp as far as the Peloponnesus.
“ 394 A- D .” (Philostorg., and C lint), in Gaul, Eugenius defeated by Theodosius, and put to
death. Coins of Eugenius are extant.
“ 395" JiOT- U til” (Socrat., and Clint.), death of Theodosius; after dividing the Empire between
his two young sons, Arcadius and Honorius. — The partition proved final; the community of interest
hitherto felt in regard to foreign invasions, soon becoming greatly weakened.
Arcadius thus became head of the Byzantine branch of the Roman empire. Through the intrigues
of Rufinus, the Huns and Goths under Alaric at once commenced their ravages ; and Stilicho guardian
of Honorius, crossing the mountains, found Thessaly already plundered by them.
“ 396 A. D .” (Zosim., and Clint.), Second expedition of Stilicho. From Sicily sailing direct to
the Peloponnesus, he encountered the Goths in Arcadia. Priscus and other priests of the ancient
religion had been put to death by them.
The art of painting on glass (according to Pouchet) began in the “ f'ourth ” century, with the
first churches erected by Christians.
The basilica S. Paolo fuori le mura, a church “ four hundred and fou r” feet long, built at Rome
“ at the end of the Fourth century ” (Lubke and Lutrow). — It was burned in “ 1823.”
“ Apparently in the fourtli century” (Weber, and Ermerius ed. Sor. p. xvii), Caelius Aurelianus
writing on medicine, and especially translating from Soranus Ephesius,
“ 397 A. D. = ‘loung-ngan,’ ist year of Ngan-ti II., of the T cin ” or Ninth dynasty * — (Chinese
chron. table). .
* Panax qtiinquefolium of Northeast America. The ginseng is called by the Mohawks “ kalon-
daggough ” (H awley), also in aboriginal American “ garent-oguen ” (Forst. cat. 47, but Osbeck found
the name “ garentouges ” human-tliighs in use in China), by the Tartars Northeast of China “ orhota”
captain of the plants (Jartona) ; “ from the dynasties of the Tsin and Song down to that of the Tang
there vvas no physician of reputation who did not constantly make use of ” jin-seng — (receipts in chin.
ly
“ The same year” (Zosim., and C lint), revolt of Gildo at Carthage; cutting off the supply of
corn from Rome; as at this time (according to Claudian), Constantinople received all the corn of
Egypt
“ In this year” (Idat., and Clint.), general destruction of temples. A Christian, Synesius, at this
time ambassador from Cyrene to Arcadius.
“ The same year” (Abulpharag., and Clint.), Vararam IV. succeeded by Yesdejerd or Isdejerd,
twelfth Sasanid king of Persia. Christians at this time numerous in Persia.
“ 400, Jan. 1st” (Clint.), homily of Asterius, against the festive observance of the Calends.
“ In this year” (ann. Jap., transl. T its.), Nin-tok succeeded by Ri-tsiou, eighteenth dairo of
Japan. Flowers of “ sakoura ” * fell into the drinking-cup of Ri-tsiou while once sailing on an artificial
lake.
“ In this year” (Burm. ann., Bigandet, and Max Mull. p. xvi), Budhaghosha of Thaton visiting
Ceylon, where he transcribed the Budhist scriptures, making use of “ Burmese or rather Talaing
characters.” In this form these scriptures were now first communicated to the people living on the
shores of the Gulf of Martaban. — The visit of Budhaghosha is placed at least eleven years later by
the Ceylon historian Mahanama (Mahavams. xxxvii).
Excavating a “ stone tem ple” or “ stone cave,” is mentioned by Budhaghosha parab. xviii.
Diospvros hirsuta of Ceylon. Affording the most valuable cabinet-wood of the island, surpassing
rosewood in beauty and durability, and from early times in the greatest repute ; “ ebony forests” are
mentioned by Budhaghosha parab. iii : f — D . hirsuta was received from Ceylon by the younger Lin-
nmus ; and according to Drury, grows “ chiefly in the southern provinces and especially in the forests
at the foot of Adam's Peak,” but having been prodigally felled “ has become exceedingly rare.”
herbal, Du Halde 217 ; doubtless from the root occasionally resembling the human form) : according
to tlie emperor Kang-hi, from the frontier of China to Hei-tong-kiang and from the eastern sea a good
distance westward are forests so dense that they hide the sun, some of pine and some of cedar, and in
these dark woods grows the “ gin-cheng” (mem. Chin. iv. 465) ; or according to Kaempfer i. 4, “ in
the provinces of Corea and Fakusai, as also in Siansai, a province of the neighbouring Tartary ; ”
ginseng is described by P. Jartona in miking his map of Tartary, and “ in 1709” the emperor ordered
ten thousand Tartars to go in quest of the root, and so procured twenty thousand katye or Chinese
pounds, Osbeck further found the Chinese in their “ apothecary shops always selling ginseng : ” among
the productions of Yeso, “ ninzin ” or “ ginsen ” is enumerated in the San-kokf. and by Siebold ; the
Ainos of Yeso are known to have long held communication with the Aleutian Islands, and though the
plant has not been seen growing in Alaska (Rothr. in Smith’s report for 1867), ginseng has been enumerated
among Alaskan articles of commerce ; I have in fact met with no direct evidence that the
plant has been seen growing in Asia, and the law of geographical distribution requires eitlier two
species, or else China has always been supplied with ginseng from North America. P. quinquefolium
was discovered in Northeast America in “ 1715 ” by the Jesuit P. Lasitan (Hardie’s tablet, and Holmes) ;
“ in 1752,” its root was extensively collected by the Mohawks and brought to the colonists on the Hudson
for exportation to China (G. Hawley hist, coll, iv. 53) ; “ in 1775,” Thunberg in Japan found ginseng
root “ imported unadulterated only by the Chinese,” ancl that “ brought by the Dutch, said to
come from America,” strictly prohibited ; P. quinquefolium seems to grow chiefly on and around the
Alleghanies, as far according to Kalm as a little North of Montreal ; was observed also in Canada by
Michaux, and Cleghorn (H ook.) ; by Pursh, from Canada to Tennessee ; by A. Gray, in “ rich mountain
woods, becoming rare ; ” by Conrad, as far East as the vicinity of Philadelphia, and by Darlington
near West Chester; by Eliot, on the Alleghany mountains of Carolina; and by Chapman, in “ rich
woods along the mountains, Georgia and northward.”
* Cerasus karinka of Japan and Yeso. A cherry tree called by the Ainos “ karinka,” in Japan
“ sakura ” (Sieb.), and clearly the “ sakoura ” in question : — enumerated by Siebold among the edible
and useful plants of Yeso.
t Diospyros chloroxylon of Eastern Hindustan. A thorny species yielding a kind of ebony', very
hard and durable timber, known from early tim es:— observed by Roxburgh cor, pl. 49 (Pers., and
Drill'.).
Diospyros cordifolia of Eastern Hindustan. A tree armed with branching thorns and yielding a
kind of ebony, timber from early times used for many economical purposes ; — observed by Roxburgh
cor. pl. 50 (Pers,, and Drur,).
Diospyros tomentosa of the Northern parts of Bengal. A tall and elegant tree, deciduous-leaved
and shaped somewhat like the cypress; its black hard heavy timber known from early times: —
observed by Roxburgh (D rur.). From transported specimens, described by Poiret (Steud.).
Jasminum angustifolium of Southern Hindustan. A woody twiner called in Tamil “ caat-
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