li. :E
top follows the sun, Is mentioned by Columella x. 247 ; the “ malahe kepSute ” is identified in Syn.
Diosc. with tiie “ malva brtSnsis ” of the Romans : A. rosea is termed “ malva rosea folio subrotundo”
by Tournefort inst. 94 ; was observed by Forskal in gardens on Malta ; and is cultivated for
ornament from Spain throughout middle Europe (Cav. ii. pl. 28 f. i, and Pers.). Eastward from
Syria, was observed by Graham “ in gardens ” near Bombay ; by Mason, “ exotic ” in Burmah ; by
Kaempfer, and Thunberg, cultivated everywhere in Japan and called “ fujoo,” or usually “ kibatsisso.”
By European colonists, was carried prior to 1669 (Joss.) to Northeast America, where it continues a
favourite garden flower. 1
A/ceizJicifolia of the East Mediterranean countries. A larger kind of hollihock often confounded
witli the preceding, but called in Egypt “ khatmyeh ” (Del.) and agreeing better with the “ malahe ”
of Hesiod, — and “ malahe kepSute ” of Dioscorides more suitable for food, in the added Synonyms
identified with the “ anthSma” of Pythagoras, “ thiathS.sma ” of Zoroaster, and “ aigos splcn ” or
“ dura muos ” of the prophets : the “ malahe ” is described by Theophrastus i. 3. 2 as growing as
tall and big as a spear in six or seven months : A. ficifolia was observed by Hawkins, Sibthorp, and
Chaubard, wild in Crete and the Peloponnesus ; is known to grow also in Siberia (Pers.). Farther
Soutli, is called in Egyptian “ hbkorten ” (Syn. Diosc.) or “ katmis ” (Kirch.) ; “ malvas ” in Arabia
said to furnish a staff in the seventh month, are mentioned by Pliny xix. 22 ; the “ khatmi ” is mentioned
by Rhazes, Avicenna, and Abd-allatif; and A. ficifolia was observed by Forskal p. Iv and
mat. med., and Delile, under cultivation in Egypt, its leaves cooked and eaten, and leaves and flowers
imported besides from Asia Minor for medicinal use. Westward, the “ malope ” of the Greeks is
identified by Pliny xx. 84 with the larger “ malva sativa : ” A. ficifolia is termed “ a. rosea hortensis
maxima folio ficus” by Tournefort inst. 98; and is cultivated for ornament from Spain throughout
middle Europe (Cav. ii. pl. 28. f. 2). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America,
where it continues in gardens, accompanying the preceding species.
Phaseolus max oi Tropical Arabia and Hindustan. Erect (Pers.), and called in Nubia “ kache-
ryn g y ” (D e l) , in Yemen “ koschari,” (Forsk.), in Palestine “ maseh ” (Rauwolf); in which we recognize
the MA8A of Hesiod op. 590, — Herodotus, Achaeus, Cratinus, Aristophanes acharn. S35,
Xenophon, and the “ mikron phasiblbn ” from Alexandria mentioned by Alexander Trallianus vii, 2.
8: the “ maseh ” or “ maddj ” is mentioned by Maserjawia, Rhazes, Avicenna, Serapion, and Ebn
Baitar, is identified by Ebn Batuta with the “ koshira,” came according to Ebn Djoldjol from Yemen
where it is called “ aktan,” and in the days of Abd-allatif was not sown in Egypt but was imported
by druggists from S y r ia ; “ Dolichos ” seeds imported from “ Aleppo ” and called “ maseh,” were
seen by Forskal mat. med. in the drug-shops of E g y p t : P. max is termed “ pisum indicum ” by
Plempius ; is well known in Persia (De l.) ; was observed by Rauwolf, and rabbi Schwarz ii. 2, under
cultivation in Palestine ; by Delile, under cultivation at Syene, and by Forskal p 214 also in Yemen.
Eastward, the “ macha” or “ masha” is mentioned in the Institutes of Manu ix. 39, and by D ’han-
vantari, and Susrutas iv. 6 to 35 : the black-seeded variety called black gram is less esteemed in
Hindustan (Drur.), but according to Crawfurd, and Mason, v. 467, is one of the most common pulses
of Burmah. P. max is described by Rumphius v. pl. 140 (Pers.) ; is perhaps the erect species seen
by Blanco on the Philippines, in many places the principal food of the natives, and called in Tagalo
“ balatong” or “ mongos.” (See P. mungo).
“ 957 B. C. = 45th year of Mou-wang” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Twenty-ninth
cycle.
956 B. C. = “ 2is t year Sesonk ; ” the latest date in his reign found on the monuments — (Leps.
k. tab. p. 19).
The same year ( = 972 y. 357^y d. — “ 17 years ” of i K. xiv. 21), Rehoboam succeeded at Jerusalem
by his son Abijah or Abijam, fifth Jewish king.
A llium roseum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ agrio kriramuthi ” (Sibth,),
the equivalent of f v r s i l hbtzid of Cant. ii. i, — and Isaiah xxxv. i : A. roseum was observed by
Delile on the Mediterranean border of Egypt near Alexandria ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in Crete
and the Peloponnesus. Westward, the “ allium in arvis sponte nascens ” or “ alum ” is mentioned Iry
Pliny xix. 34; A. roseum is described by Magnol xi. pl. 10, and Ru db eck; is termed “ a. sylvestre
sive moly minus roseo amplo flore ” by Tournefort inst. 385; and is known to occur in cultivated
ground in Italy, Barbary, and Southern France (Desf,, Tenore, and Pers.).
Narcissus Orientalis of Syria and Palestine. The tVMSri hbtsld of Canticles ii. i, — and
Isaiah xxxv, i, is referred here by Sprengel: N. Orientalis was observed by Chateaubriand trav. ii.
122 abounding in the district of Sharon, between Joppa and Caesarea. Transported to Europe, is
'described by Rudbeck elys. ii. p. 52 (Pers.).
' Juglans regia of Persia and the Himalayan mountains. Called in English gardens walnut, in
France'“ no!x ” (Nugent), in Germany “ wallnuss,” in Italy “ n o c e ” (Lenz), in Greece “ karuthia”
(Fraas), in Egypt “ g io s ” ( . . . . ) , in which we recognize the 81 \ V agwz of Canticles vi, 1 1 ,—
I ! ' - . i i
“ jiu s ” of C. E. Luka, and “ jauw z ” of Ebn Baitar: the “ karua” is mentioned by Epicharmus,
Sophocles, and Philyllius (Athen. ii. 38) ; “ karua pèrsike ” by Theophrastus iii. 6. 2 to 14. 4, identified
by Dioscorides with “ k. vasilika,” and the Greek name is quoted by Pliny xv, 24 a.s evidence
that the tree came from Persia: the “ thios valanos” is mentioned by Diodes (Athen. ii. 42); “ ju-
glandium” shells were employed by Dionysius of Syracuse (Cic. tusc. v. 20. 58), and the “ jug lans”
or “ jovis g la n s ” is mentioned by Varrò, Virgil, and Palladius: J. regia is de.scribed by Bauhin
(Pers.) ; is known to be cultivated from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as “ Lat. 5 6 ° ” (A.
Dec.) ; was observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, cultivated in Greece and perhaps naturalized ; by Clot-
Bey, in Egypt, recently introduced ; by Belon, and Hasselquist, in Palestine. Farther East, the sap
is collected and employed medicinally in Circassia (Spencer, and Lindl.) ; the tree is known to grow
wild Southward of Caucasus, and in the mountain forest of Talusch (Ledeb., and C. A . Mey.) ; and
according to Roxburgh on the mountains North and Northeast of Hindustan and in .Sanscrit called
“ ukshadu,” or according to Piddington “ unkotha;” was observed by Bunge p. 62 here and there in
Northern China. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where in our Middle
States I have found it producing nuts of good quality.
Lawsonia alba oi Hindustan. A shrub called in the gardens of Egypt and Yemen “ henna”
(Forsk.), in Nubia “ kofreh ” (D e l) , in which we recognize the S '!)! kphr cultivated in Palestine
according to Canticles i. 14 and iv. 13 : — the “ kupros” is mentioned by Theophrastus odor. 5 to 6,
by Dioscorides as a woody plant growing at Canopus and Ascalon, by Pliny xii. 51 as growing as far
as Cyprus: “ phoinissan té néén kupròn ” is mentioned by Antipater (Meleag. cor. i. 42) ; the ointment
prepared from the leaves, by Posidonius, Celsus, Paulus Aegineta, by Dioscorides as turning
the hair yellow (a practice unknown to Lucan iii. 238, but mentioned by Tertullian c. foem. ii. 6) :
mummies have been discovered having the finger-nails stained with henna; L alba is described by
Abul Fadli (Spreng.) ; was observed by Forskal, Delile, and myself, under cultivation in Egypt ; by
Rauwolf, in Palestine ; by Forskal, under cultivation in Yemen ; by myself, the fresh powdered leaves
brought to market at Moclia and universally used by the Arab population. Eastward, Onesicritus,
and Nearchus, found the Kathaians staining their beards “ white, red, purple, and green ” (Strab. xv.,
and A r r .) : L. alba is called in Hindustanee “ mayndie,” in Telinga “ goounta chettoo,” in Tamil
“ maroodanie ” (Drury) ; was observed by Rheede i. pi. 40 in Malabar; by Graham, “ very common
iu gardens as a hedge plant” in the environs of Bombay; by myself, under cultivation there and the
powdered leaves used even by the Hindu population ; was observed by Roxburgh in other parts ot
Hindustan: by Mason v. 409 and 513, “ e xo tic ” in Burmah and called “ dan,” extensively cultivated,
the “ beautiful orange” dye from the leaves beat up with catechu and used by females to stain the
finger ends : by Blanco, at Manila, but no native names are given.
Aquilaria agallocha of Tropical Eastern Asia. The imported product is called in English lign-
aloes or aloes wood (L in d l) , in Egyptian “ tshènlavós ” (lex. Oxf.) ; and the t l V 3 V aelwd of Canticles
iv. 14, — giving out perfume according to Psalm xiv. 8, or tlie “ aloen” of John xix. 39, is
referred liere by writers : “ agallohon ” (a combination of two of its Pali and Sanscrit names “ again ”
and “ lauha,” Royle, and Mason) brought from Arabia and India according to Dioscorides, is mentioned
also by Pliny, Galen, Oribasius, Aetius, Isidorus, and Paulus Aegineta; “ aghlajoon” or
“ Indian ud,” by Rhazes, Serapion, Avicenna, Ebn Baitar, and Persian medical writers : lign aloes
was seen by Baumgarten iii. 4 at Damascus, by Alpinus in Egypt, and according to Forskal mat. med.
is called there “ oud kakaji.” Eastward, is called in Hindustanee and Bengalee “ ugoor” (Lindi ), is
the wood of a large forest-tree in Sylhet on the Eastern border of Hindustan (Roxb.) ; is called
according to Mason v.’ p. 499 in Burmah “ a-kyau,” and grows along the Tenasserim coast on the
Mergui Lsles, but the Sellings “ as they profit by the trade endeavour to keep all in ignorance ; ” was
observed by Bohtius near Midacca ; by Marco Polo 75 “ leigne a lo e ” in Cochinchina, observed there
also by Loureiro ; and by Rumphius ii. 30, on the Moluccas (Spreng.).
Curcuma Ionga of the Malayan Archipelago. The imported product is called in English turmeric
(Lindi.), in Armenian “ khekhrym” (Gesen.), and as cultivated in Yemen “ kurkum ” (Forsk.);
in which we recognize the >i S X krkm of Canticles iv. 14 : — the “ kupèiróu ” of India, resembling
ginger according to Dioscorides i. 4, saffron-coloured and bitter when chewed, the ointment removing
hair, an account"repeated by Pliny xxi. 70, is referred here by writers : imported turmeric was seen by
Alpinus iv. 13 ill Egypt ; and by Forskal, under cultivation among the mountains of Yemen. Eastward,
C. ionga is called in Hindustanee “ zardchob” or “ p itras” or “ haldi,” in Bengalee “ halud” or
“ haridra” (D ’roz.), in Telinga “ pasoopoo,” in Tamil “ munjel” (Drury) ; was observed by Rheede
xi. pl. II in Malabar; by Gibson and Graham, cultivated “ in Bombay” and “ the richer villages of the
Deccan,” the roots “ much used for culinary purposes,” also medicinally; by Roxburgh, under cultivation
around Calcutta; by Mason, “ e xo tic ” in Burmah and called “ hsa-nwen;” by Loureiro, in
Cochinchina; liy Blanco, well known to the natives throughout the Philippines and called in Tagalo
“ dilao,” in Bisaya “ dulao ” or “ calavaga” or “ quinamboi,” in Pampango “ an g a l” An unguent of