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798 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
Coreans : Tan or Li-tan removed the Seat of government to Han-iang or Seoul, — and his dynasty,
called Tsi-tsien, continues to the present clay.
“ In this year” (Moomin, and Royle antiq. hind, med.), the Ikhliarat Buddee, the earliest Persian
work on medicines or Materia Medica, completed.
“ June 1 7 t h ” (N i c o l . ) , a s yn o d at P r a g u e . S e c u la r ju d g e s w e r e “ fo rb id d en to h in d e r cr im in als
co n d em n ed to d e a th from r e c e iv in g the E u c h a r is t , i f th e y w ish e d i t . ”
“ 1393 A. D.” (Alst. p. 307, see also Talvi ii. 3), Macedonia, Thessaly, Thrace, and the principal
part of Bulgaria and Mysia, conquered by the Turks under Bajazet.
“ In or about this year” (Skeat ed. Piers Plowm.), Gower writing his Confessio Amantis.
Gentiana campestris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Included perhaps in the
medicinal bM demOyn of Gower, — identified by Galfridus pr. pm. with the “ genciana,” and the
latter described as an “ herbe” in Roy. ms. 18. a. vi (Way) : C. campestris is described by Linnæus;
is known to grow in Italy (“ g. c. neapolitana ” of Froel.), and throughout middle Europe as far as
Denmark (a Ii, Roth fl. g., Pers., Engl. bot. pl. 237, and fl. Dan. pl. 367) ; and according to Lindley
is “ a substitute for the officinal Gentian.”
“ 1394 A. D. (= 796 A. H. of Ferisht.,” Elph.), Naslr-u-din Toghlak succeeded by his son
Humayun, and after “ forty-five days ” by a younger son Mahmud, a minor now twenty-first sultan
of Delhi, — and as it proved the last
“ In this year” (Pauth 398 and 405), a map of the Chinese empire completed and presented to
Tai-tsou IV. By a census, the population of China found to consist of “ 60,545,000 persons.”
In or about this year, and in “ July” (Major edit, Zen. p xliii and 12), voyage of Nicolo Zeno
from the Shetland Islands to Greeirland. He describes the canoes of the Esquimaux, and the hot
spring utilized by the monks for heating and culinary purposes, and for watering small gardens covered
over in winter wherein were raised the “ flowers and fruits and herbs ” of more southern climates.
— “ Not being accustomed to such severe cold,” Nicolo “ fell ill, and a little while after returned to
Frislanda” (the Faeroe Islands), “ where he died.” His brother Antonio had been with him in
Frislanda “ four years,” remained there “ ten years” longer, returned to Venice, and was dead “ in
1406” (Marco Barbaro, and Zurla).
1395 A. D. = “ 1320 an. jav.” (Raffles x.) inscribed at Majapahit on the tomb of Dara Wati
princess of Champa, the date perhaps of her arrival in Java to become the wife of king Angka Wijaya.
— The site of her tomb proves that she died before the destruction of the city.
“ Feb. 4th ” (Nicol.), assembling at Paris of the First national synod of France. “ On the means
of ending the schism in the church,”
“ The same year” (Blair), Sigismund king of Hungary defeated at Nicopolis by the Turks under
Bajazet.
“ In this year” (Klapr. mem. ii. 159), first embassy from the Loo Choo Islands to China. Sent
by king Tchoung-chan, who received in return hereditary titles.
“ 1397 A. D. = 30th year of Tai-tsou IV.” (Pauth. 399), publication of the Ta-ming-lin, a “ general
code o f the laws of the Chinese empire under the Ta-ming dynasty.”
“ When Pachacutec was very old ” (Salcam. edit, Markh. 97), news came to Cuzco “ that a ship
had been seen on the sea : ” — and “ after another year, a youth entered the city with a great book,
which he gave to the old Inca and then disappeared.”
“ 1398 A. D. = 1st year of Kian-wen-ti III., of the Ming” dynasty, “ the restorer of the literati”
— (Chinese chron. table).
“ May22d” (Nicol ), assembling at Paris of the Second national synod of France. And in a
second session “ July,” those present resolved to withdraw their obedience from the anti-pope Benedictus
at Avignon.
“ Dec. 17th” (Elph.), Delhi captured and destroyed by the Mogul Tartars under Timur or
Tamerlane, who was now publicly proclaimed emperor of India. — He quitted India “ about the loth
of March 1399.”
“ 1399 A. D.” (art de verif.), Barkook succeeded by Faradj, twenty-third Memluk sultan of Egypt.
“ The same year ” (Desvergers, and Marcel), Egypt threatened by the Tartars under Tamerlane ;
who proceeded to overrun Syria and Asia Minor, and defeated the Turks ; thus indirectly saving the
Greek or Byzantine empire.
“ T h e sam e y e a r ” (A ls t . p. 39 7), th e p o p e r e n d e r in g h im s e lf s o le and a b s o lu te m a s te r o f the city
o f R om e an d c h a n g in g th e fo rm o f adm in is t ra t ion .
“ 1400 A. D.” (Garc. de la Vega), Pachacutec succeeded by his son Yupanqui, tenth Inca of Peru.
Who commenced the great fortress at Cuzco, after a plan left by his father.
“ In the time of the Incas” (G. de la Veg. ii. 24), herbalists very famous, and among the plants
employed by them were probably “ chacasoconche ” bark ( . . . . ) , “ chenchelcoma ” (Salvia oppo-
jfrffiora), “ chinapaya ” ( . . . . ) , “ (fwxenmpa" (Justicia sez-icea), “ hwantarn’’ (Valeriana coarctata),
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 799
“ llamap-naui” (Negretia inflexa), “ masca” ( . . . . ) ; “ matecllu ” a water plant with leaves used
for sore eyes, clescribed by G. de la Vega ii. 25 as a foot long with one round leaf at the end, eaten
rawand having a pleasant taste ( . . . . ) ; “ chilca” for rheumatism Baccharis .scandens, “ moho-
moho” seed? of a plant ( . . . . ), “ parhataquia ” “ panqui ” (U««//«'« rrafe«).
and “ tasta ” the buds used for wounds (Stereoxylon patens), — all contained in the wallet of a modern
chirihuano or herb-doctor (Markh, note to ii. 24).
Krameria triandra of the Peruvian Andes. Called in Quichua “ ractania” (Markh.), its astringent
root from early times used to strengthen and clean the teeth— (G. de la Vega 11. 25), also contained
in the wallet of the above-mentioned chirihuano : K. triandra was observed by Ruiz and Pavon
i. pl. 93 in sandy situations on the declivities of the Ancles. Its imported root, called ratanhy root,
is used for medicinal purposes besides tooth-powder (Lindl.).
From the “ taruca” (Cervus Antisiensis of high forests skirting the Andes) ancl other quadrupeds,
bezoars obtained by the Peruvians in early times,— but not within the memory of G. de la
Vega viii. 17.
Yupanqui “ established the twelve months of the year, giving a name to each, and ordaining the
ceremonies that were to be observed in each ; ” the first month called “ hauca” and “ Llusque ” commencing
“ in the middle of May, a few days more or less, on the first day of the moon.” He also
built “ the houses and temple * of Quisuar-cancha ” at Cuzco — (C. de Molina edit. Markh. p. 11).
Tumebamba, in about 2° 20' s1, became the favourite residence of Yupanqui, the remarkable
temples) there were commenced by him, —and according to the natives were continued or completed
by his successors Tupac, and Huayna Capac. The last-named Inca was residing here when news came
of the arrival of Pizarro and his “ thirteen companions ” on the coast (Ciez. xliv).
Apparently as far back as the end of the Fourteenth century, “ chinampas” or floating gardens
first constructed on the lake surrounding the city of Mexico (Humb. iii. 8).
One hundred and seventy-first generation. Jan. 1st, 1401, onward mostly beyond youth ; the
Jewish writers, Rabbi Lipmann, Jacob Levi: the Arab writers, Khalil Dhaheri, Makrizi d. 1442, El-
Schebi (Pouchet) : the Greek writers, Manuel Chrysoloras d. 1415, Joannes Cananus d. 1422: Paulus
Bergensis ; John of Tornamira, Vincentius Ferrerius: the medica! writers, Manfredus de Monte
Imperiali, Saladin d’Asenlo: the scholastic theologians, Joannes Capreolus, Thomas Valdensis,
Joannes Gerson, and Augustinus de Roma: the botanist Christoph, de Honestis.
“ The same year ” (Lubke and Lutrow), in Spain, the cathedral at Seville commenced. — It was
“ finished within a century.”
In the days ofthe Flemish painters Hubert and John van Eyck (Bryan diet, paint.), Bruges the
most commercial and flourishing city of Europe.
“ About the beginning of the fifteenth century ” (Cogolludo, and Gayangos edit. 5th lett. Cortes
p. 50), Mayapan the capitirl city of Yucatan captured and destroyed, the reigning dynasty overthrown,
and the Itzaes from the South taking possession of the territories adjoining the lake.
* Buddleia incana of the Peruvian Andes. A small tree called “ quisuar” (Markh.). furnishing
the name of the above-mentioned temple:—B. incana was observed by Ruiz and Pavon i. pl. So
along the banks of streams in Peru (Pers.).
'Erythroxylon coca of the Peruvian Andes. The coca shrub wild to all appearance “ near Cuchero
and on the summit of Cerro de San Cristobal ” (Poeppig), but cultivated from early times and its
leaves used as a masticatory : llamas young and old were sacrificed and baskets of “ coca” offered in
the first month —(C. de Mol.) : coca leaves were found by Flieronymus Benzoni “ 1542 to 1556”
(Spreng.) constantly in the mouths of the Peruvians; also by J. Acosta: "in 15831” it revenue of
“ 500,000 pesos duros ” was derived from them by the government of Potosi (Lindl ); “ cachos growing
only on the mountains of Peru ” was known to Monai’des the abund.ant production of coca “ in
the province of Jungas” is described by J. Jussieu (Lam., and A. Dec.); its cultivation, by Weddell
; and its use was witnessed by myself, principally in the mining districts on the Andes.
Cantua uniflora of the Western slope of the Peruvian Andes. Called “ cantut,” and a portion
of Cuzco called “ Cantut pata” as early perhaps as this date ; the beautiful flowers also woven in the
garlands of novices or voung knights — (G. de la Veg. vii. t) : C. uniflora was observed by Ruiz and
Pavon in “ sepibus ” enclosures in Peru.
A second flower, the “ chihuayhua,” yellow and pink-like, intermingled in the garlands of the
young knights.
A leaf of the “ uiñay huayna” always young, also interwoven— (G. de la Veg. vi. 27).
t Stipaychu of the Peruvian Andes. A grass furnishing the remarkable enduring thatched roofs
of these temples (Ciez.), and that of the circular building called “ sondor-huasi ” at Azangaro,— examined
by Markham edit. p. 166: S. ychu was observed by Humboldt and Bonpland on the Peruvian
Andes, and is described by Kunth.
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