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M s c n l u s h i p p o c a s t a n t im of Central Asia. The h o r s e - c h e s t n u t made known in this year through
a description sent by Quakelbeen from Constantinople to Matthioli — (Spreng.) ; is descnbed r t o
by Clusius, Parkinson th. 1402, and Rivinus; is termed “ hippocastanum vulgare” by Tournefort
inst. 612 ; and continues under cultivation for ornament throughout middle Europe; was observed ,
by Hawkins in Greece, on the mountains Pelion and Pindus (Sibth.). By European colonists, was
carried to Northeast America, where it continues planted for ornament in our Northern and Middle
Stales, but does not succeed in the Latitude of Egypt in our Southern States.
Not later than this date (Spreng.), lui. Cms. Scaliger endeavouring to refute Hieron. Carda-
nus, in regard to novel plants in America described by Oviedo and Monardes. — Scaliger died
“ in 1558.” . 1 f -f
F r a g a r i a C h i l o e n s i s of Northwest America. A dioecious s t r a w b e r r y bearing very la r p truit,
and called in Chilian “ quelghen” (Molin.) : “ in this y e a r ” according to G. de la Vega vm. 11 the
fruit called-‘ c h ili’’ arrived at Cuzco, having “ a very pleasant ta s te ” and growing “ on very low
shrubs almost trailing on the ground,” with “ little grains outside like the fruit of an arbutus, and is
the same size, not round, but rather long, in the shape of a hpart,” — may be compared. Farther
South, the best quality of fruit of F. Chiloensis comes according to Molina from the Chilian provinces
of Puchacay and Huilquilemu. The plant was carried by Frezier “ in 1 7 12 ” from Conception to
Europe (Pers.) ; is described by Miller . . . , and Dillenius elth. pl. t2o; and from Europe was carried
to the West Indies, requiring according to Descourtilz “ to be sown with other kinds under
penalty of sterility.” , , , .1
“ 1558, Jan. 8th ” (Blair), Calais re-captured from the French. Who were commanded by the
d u k e of Guise, minister to Henri II. , „ , w i-
“ The same y e a r ” (Alst. p. 493), a remarkable comet. And the abdication of Charles V., his
b r o t h e r F e r d i n a n d becoming emperor of Germany and Italy. , . -nr 1 ,i
“ Nov. 17th” (Alst., and Nicol.), queen Mary of England succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth.
The Protestants now restored to power, and an act of Parliament Forbidding obeying the p £ e .
“ The same y e a r ” (art de verif.), Gonara succeeded by his son Ookimatz, now dairo of Japan.
“ The same y e a r ” (Holmes), in Peru, the Inca and his wife “ in rich attire and costly liveries ”
baptized at Cuzco : the historian Vega being present. , „ . tt j
“ In this y e a r ” (Asher edit. Huds. p. xcvi), the mouth of the Straits (afterwards called Hudson s)
known to the Portuguese, as appears from maps. r u =
“ In this or the following year ” £ u le cath. i. p. cxliii), Anthony Jenkinson and the two Johnsons
visiting Bokhara by the way of Russia.
“ 1559 A D.” (Alst.), Protestants persecuted by queen Mary of Scotland.
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng., and Winckler), Bartolomeo Maranta publishing his Method, cogn.
s i m p l i c .— He published his Nov. Herb, “ in 1571.” ■ . , , .
“ The same y e a r ” (Spreng.), arrival of Guilandinus in Egypt. — Where he remained during a
portion of the following year. • „ ,1 „
“ 1560, March” (ISlair), in France, the conspiracy at Amboise, initiating civil war against the
“ Hu»uenots” — (another name for Protestants).
? T h e same y e a r ” (Alst.), by Philip, now Philip II. of Spain, many foreigners especially Spaniards
introduced into Belgium. — And after two years, notwithstanding the remonstrances of the
Belvians three new archbishops and several bishops introduced by pope Pius IV.
In this year ” (Schmied.), letters from Gesner to lo. Fabricius, and J. Bauhm.
“ In this y e a r ” (Markh. e d i t . p . viii), Polo d e O n d o g a r d o , c o r r e g i d o r of Cuzco, writing on the
f^Gi”uviäris *
-‘ In this y e a r ” (narrat. i. to ix, and Markh.) Garcilasso de la Vega leaving Peru, at which time
there was J c o i n e d money in the c o u n t r y .-H e commenced writing in Spain, continued writing
“ in 1604,” and died “ in 1616.”
‘ - 1561, September” (Alst.), the general Council of Trent revived by pope 1 ms IV.
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), Anguillara, after receiving information 111 Crete from Robertus Constantinus,
publishing his Simplicib. ; enumerating Caucalis grandiflora 217. — He died in “ fja. “ in this y e a r ” (Schmied. and Spreng.), Gesner editing the botanical writings of Valerius Coidiis,
publishing his Hort. germ., and preparing drawings for his botanical work enumerating “ jureus
idaeus vel petraeus ” ii. fig. 16 J u n c u s t r i f i d u s , “ chamaecerasus bergkriesse 11, fig. ^ 3 X y l o s g n t
a i p X c n u m , “ satyrii species quam monorciiin dixeris ” ii. fig. 64 l l e r m im u m m o n o r c h i s , - calathiana
autèmnalis” ii. fig. 88 G e n t i a n a c i l i a t a , “ pentaphyllum alpinum aureum” 11. 9 7 P o t e n t i l l a c i n e i e a
“ lapathi genus sylvestre minus” hort, f. 263 P o t a m o g e t ó n s e r r a t u s , “ nummularia sylvatica hor , .
268 L y s im a c h i a n e m o r i im , T h a l i c t r u m t u b e r o s u m ad Cord. f. 9 8 , A r t e m i s i a A u s t r i a c a ad Coic.
107 Chrysanthemum corymbosum ad Cord. f. 140, Asplemtim Germanicum ad Cord. f. 127.
’ F p i l o b i u m p a l u s t r e of Northern climates. — Described by Tabernaemontanus vi. 1238 (Spreng.),
- i l l : :j:
893
termed “ cliamænerion Gesneri ” and “ lysimachia siliquosa tertia” by Clusius hist. ii. 51, “ lysimachia
siliquosa glabra angustifolia” by C. Bauhin pin. 245, “ chamænerion angustifolium glabrum” by
Tournefort inst. 303, and known to grow from Lapland throughout middle Europe (Engl, bot pl.
346, Pers., and Wats.) ; observed by Linnæus in Lapland and Sweden ; by Pallas, at 67° on the Oby ;
and by Sibthorp. on the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, by Hooker in Iceland, and received by him
from Canada as far as 64° and the Rocky mountains ; -was observed by Michaux at Hudson Bay and
Lake Mistassiny; by myself, Irequent in New England; by Nuttall, as far as Philadelphia (De c .);
by Pursh, from Pennsylvania to Virginia ; and according to Chapman, grows on the “ mountains of
North Carolina.”
S a x i f r a g a a i z o o n of Subarctic climates. Described by Gesner, ii. fig. 28, — Barrelier pl. 1310,
Morison 12, pl. 9, Plukenet phyt. pl. 221, and known to grow on the Pyrenees and Swiss Alps as far
as Austria (Jacq. austr. pl. 438, Lapeyr., Pers., and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Fraas in Greece.
Westward, by Colmaster in Labrador (Pursh) ; and was received by Hooker from the Saskatchewan;
by A. Gray, from “ Upper Michigan and Wisconsin,” and observed by Blake on Willoughby mountain
in Vermont.
S h c i f r a g a c e s p i t o s a of the Arctic region and mountain-summits farther South. Termed “ sedu-
lum quod moschatella alpina lutea” by Gesner ii. fig. 31,.— “ sedum tridactylites alpinum minus” by
Bauhin prodr. 131, and C. Bauhin pin. 284, “ s. tridactylites alpina minor et villosa” by Tournefort
inst. 252, and known to grow in Lapland and on the mountains of middle Europe as far as Switzerland
(Engl. bot. pl. 794, Lapeyr., and Wats.) : observed by Sabine on Spitzbergen (Hook.) ; by Linnæus,
on the mountains of Lapland ; by Seguieri pl. 9, not far from Verona ; by Sibthorp, on Delphi mountain
in Greece ; by Bieberstein, on Caucasus. Westward, is known to grow in Greenland as far as
Igloolik, also along the Arctic Sea to Kotzebue Sound (Hook.) ; was received by Pursh from the
Northwest coast.
S a x i f r a g r a s t e l l a r i s of the Arctic region and mountain-summits farther South. The “ sedulum
alpinum quartum” of Gesner ii. fig. 36 — may be compared: S. stellaris was observed by Linnæus fl.
pl. 2. in Lapland, and is known to grow as far as the mouth of the Lena (Dec.) and Lake Baikal
(Ladeb.); also from Sweden to Southern Ireland and Wales (Fries, and Mackay), on the Pyrenees,
at “ seven thousand f e e t ” on the Sierra Nevada (Boiss.), on mount Rotundo in Corsica (Gren. and
Godr.), on the Swiss Alps, and mountains of the Black forest (Koch), of Transylvania (Baumg.), and
of Thrace and Macedonia (Griseb., and A. Dec.). Westward, was observed by Hooker on Iceland,
and received from Spitzbergen, Greenland, and Labrador.
S o l a n u m p s e u d o - c a p s i c u m of ‘- Madeira.” Transported to Europe, described by Gesner hort. f.
282— (Spreng.), Dodoens pempt. 718, and C, Bauhin pin. 61 ; cultivated for its ornamental bright-red
cherry-like berries, and has become naturalized at the base of the Pyrenees (herb, Req., Dun., Dec.,
and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus, escaped from cultivation ; by Delile,
in the gardens of Egypt; but according to Persoon is wild on Madeira. By European colonists, was
carried to Northeast America, where it continues in greenhouses; to Austral Africa, and thence to
the environs of Bombay (Lush, and Graham).
“ 1562, Apr. 30th, Thursday” (transl. Hackit in soc. Haki,), under instructions from (the French
admiral Coligny), Jean Ribault with a colony of Protestants arriving on the American coast not far
from “ 29° 30'.” In the morning -‘ on the first of May,” he entered with boats a great river (the St.
John’s) : the natives naked, having “ the fore part of their body and armes” painted with -‘ azure, red
and blacke,” and trimming themselves with an “ herbe like unto mosse, whereof tlie cedar trees, and
all other trees, bee alwayes couered” { T i l l a n d s i a u s n e o i d e s ) \ they presented “ mulberies” { M o r u s
r u b r a ) , “ raspis ” [ R u b u s v i l l o s u s ) , “ and such other fruités as they founde ready by the way : ” in the
forests were “ palme tre e s ” { C h a m c e r o p s p a lm e t t o ) , “ cypresse ” { T a x o d i u m d i s t i c h u m ) “ and cedars ”
{ C u p r e s s u s t h u y o i d e s ) , “ bayes y' highest and greatest” { L a u r u s C a r o l i n e n s i s ) , “ grapes” ( V i t i s v u l p
i n a ) the vines growing -‘ to toppes of okes ” ( Q u e r c u s p r i n u s ) “ and other trees that be of a won-
derfull greatnesse and h e ig h t;” also “ walnut tree s ” ( J u g l a n s n i g r a ) , “ hasell tre e s ” ( C o r y l u s
A m e r i c a n a ) , “ cheritrees, very faire and g rea t” ( C e r a s u s s e r ó t i n a ) ; the natives brought “ rootes like
vnto rinbabe, which they haue in great estimation, and make thereof a potion of medecine” ( . . . . ),
also “ some small spices like vnto v ire ” ( B e n z o i n o d o r i f e r u m ) . Sailing thence Northward, finding
“ euery where the highest and greatest firtrees y ‘ can be scene ” [ P i n u s p a l u s t r i s and P . tc e d a ) , “ very
well smelling, and where out might bee gathered, with cutting the only bark, as much rosen, turpentine,
and frâkësence, as men would desire,” on “ the 27th ” he entered with his ships port Royall, finding
it “ one of the fayrest and greatest hauens of the worlde ; ” here were many “ pepertrees, the pepper
yet greene and not ready to bee gathered ” (Celtis ?) ; and leaving Albert de la Pierria, the first of
“ thirtie” volunteers, “ gentlemen, souldiers, and marriners,” he departed “ June iith .” — Dissensions
afterwards arising among the colonists, some were slain, and those remaining built a small vessel,
calking it with the “ kind of mosse” growing on trees ( T i l l a n d s i a u s n e o i d e s ) , a n d abandoned the
country (Holmes, and J. W. Jones in soc. Plakl.).
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