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382 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
Pandanus sessilis of Equatorial East Africa. A bush, growing on the mainland and on Zanzibar
ancl Feraba. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.).
Phoenix Equinoxialis of Equatorial East Africa. A palm of the stature of a bush, growing in
the e.xtensive forests on Pemba. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj )
Costus sarmentosus of Equatorial East Africa. A perennial vine, growing on Zanzibar. - Carried
to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.).
Sanseviera cylindrica of Equatorial East Africa. Perennial, growing on Zanzibar. — Carried to
the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.).
Dioscorea toxicaría of Equatorial East Africa. A perennial vine, growing on Mombas island,
the tubers along the stem poisonous, if cooked and eaten inducing vomiting. ~ Carried to the Mauritius
Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.).
As early possibly as this date, the poet Bion removing from Smyrna to Sicily. — His death is
mentioned by Moschus 3, who styles himself a pupil.
. autumnalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain rose-iarsley
(Ainsw.), in Italy “ camomilla di fior rosso” or “ adonide” or “ fior d’ atone” (Lenz), in which we
recopiize the “ adomum” of Ovid and ANEMS2NAN that sprung from the tears of Venus on the
death of Adorns according to Bion i. 66,- f r o m the blood of Adonis according to Nicander, and
OvM met x. 503 : the “ mëlan,” one of the two kinds of “ anëmônas” distinguished by Cratevas
(schol. Theocr. v. 92), may also be compared : A. autumnalis was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas
m waste and cultivated ground in Southern Greece and called “ môrôhSrtôn ; ” by Reuter and Mar^
got, m wild situations on Zante. Westward, the “ adonium” is mentioned by Pliny xxi. 34 as sown
or occurring m cultivated ground in Italy ; A. autumnalis is described by Gerarde ; is termed “ ranunculus
arvensis fohis chamæmeli flore minore atrorubente ” by Tournefort inst. 291 ; is known to occur
m Italy and in grain-fleids throughout middle Europe (Pers., A. Dec., and Lenz) : in Britain, is
regarded by Watson and others as exotic.
One hundred and twenty-flrst generation. May ist, 267, mostly beyond youth : the Greek poets,
Heracleitus of Halicarnassus, and Dionysius Iambus ; the comic poets, Machón, and Apollodorus of
-C a r y s tu s ; the philosophers, Lycon, Lacydes, Hermachus, Menippus of Gadara, Meleager of Gadara,
Cleanthes, Lysimachus, and Hieronymus of Rhodes ; the historians, Philostephanus of Cyrene, Ister,
Neanthes of Cyzicum, and Nyinphis of Heraclea; the grammarians, Lysanias of Cyrene, Sosibius
of Laconia, and Euphorion of Chalcis ; other writers, Timosthenes, Philon of Heracleia, Apollonius
son of Sotades, and Euphantus of Olynthus ; the architect Sostratus of Cnidus ; the painters Meco-
phanes, Artemon, Clessides, and Theodoras (Bryan). ’
“ 264B. C .” (Polyb., and C lin t), war first carried beyond the limits of Italy by the Romans:
who now enter Sicily, inaugurating war with the Carthaginians ; called the “ First P u n ic ” war —
and continuing “ twenty-four ” years. ’
The same y e a r ” (Liv. ep. 16, Val. Max. ii. 4. 7, and Clint.), gladiatorial combats instituted
by D. Junius Brutus. — Whose name seems perpetuated in the changed meaning of the word “ brutal ”
in English.
“ 261 B. C .” (Clint, iii. p. 346), Antiochus Soter slain in battle against the Gauls ; and succeeded
by Antiochus II. Theus, third Greek king of Syria. Antiochus II. married Berenice, daughter of
Ptolemy II. of Egypt.
“ In this y e a r ” (Lalande, Delambre, and Humb. cosm. iv.), observation on the planet Mercury;
the first — of fourteen, partly belonging to the Chaldeans, employed by Claudius Ptolemy.
“ 260 B. C.” (Polyb., Blair, and Clint.), the Carthaginians defeated in naval combat by the first
fleet built by the Romans ; commanded by Duilius.
“ In or about this y e a r ” (Sm. b. d.), Zenodotus succeeded by Callimachus as chief librarian of
the Alexandrian library.
Trifolium fragifcrtim of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain straw-
berry-clover (Prior), in Germany “ erdbeerklee ” (Grieb): and the running £2 K Y 0 0 0 N ; T P i n E
TH AO N of Callimachus, — may be compared: T. fraglferum was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraa.s,
abounding from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Caria and mount Athos; by
Griesebach p. 34 along the seashore of Macedonia. Westward, is termed “ t. fragiferum frisicum folio
cordato flore rubro ” by Tournefort inst 406 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known
to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 1042, and Pers.).
Cynara hórrida of the Mediterranean countries. A species of wild artichoke ; and tlie thorny
K YN A P A, pubescent according to Callimachus around the Areaniticum sea, growing also in Khorasan
and as far as the Indus — (Ruel iii. 14), may be compared : C. horridum is described by Alton iii. 148,
the leaves “ subtus tomentosis ; ” was observed by Sibthorp on Sicily, and apparently also on Crete
and Naxos (J. E. Smith), by Dænzer, near Navarino in the Peloponnesus (Chaub.).
In this year ( = 288 — “ 28 years reign ” in the Mahavamsa v., Avadana asok., and Buns. iv. 7.
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 3 8 3
2), Bindusara (Allitrochathes) succeeded by his son Priyadase or Asoka, now king at Pataliputra on
the Ganges.* — He reigned “ thirty-seven,” or according to the Mahavamsa xx. “ fo r ty ” years.
“ 256 B. C. = S9* year of Nan-wang ” (Chinese chron. table), end of the Tcheou dynasty.
“ 255 B. C. = 52d year of Siang-wang I I . n o w head of the new dynasty of the Thsin —
(Chinese chron. table).
“ The same y e a r ” (Polyb., Zonar., and Clint.), in Africa, Regulus defeated and taken prisoner
by the Carthaginians under the Spartan general Xantippus.
“ 253 B. C.” (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, Cn. Servilius Caepio and C. Sempronius Blaesus consuls, the
first plebeian ponlifex maximus Tib. Coruncanius.
251 B. C. ( = his “ tenth y e a r ” in the 8th inscription at Girnar, Burnouf ii. 732), king Asoka
already a Budhist. He is said to have been converted by Nigrodha (Max Müll. p. xx). The inscriptions
bearing the name of Asoka on Buddhist cave-temples not earlier than his conversion, and he is
said to have erected the greatest monuments of Budhism.
“ In this y e a r ” (Burm. h is t, and Mason 40), Ranman succeeded by his son Rekkhan, now
Burmese king. — Rekkhan reigned “ thirty-one ” years, is said to have had many wives, and to
have been a remarkable sliot with a cross-bow.f
“ 250 B. C. = 1st year of Hiao-weng-wang, of the T h s in ” or Sixth dynasty (Chinese chron.
table).
The same year (Euseb., Blair, and Clint, iii. p. 315), revolt against the Greek king of Syria of
the Bactrians under Theodotus and Parthians under Arsaces. Recovering their independence, the
Parthians — (Persians) ruled for the succeeding “ 475 years ” by the Arsacidae ; a dynasty of “ thirty-
one ” successive kings, whose numerous coins all bear Greek inscriptions.
“ 249 B. C. = 1st year of Tchoung-siang-wang, of the T h s in ” or Sixth dynasty — (Chinese
chron. table).
The same year ( = his “ twelfth y e a r ” in the 4th inscription at Girnar, Lassen, and Burn. ii. 731),
king Asoka publicly professing Budhism. An inscription of the same date dedicating a cave-tempie
(Burnouf ii. 779).
One of the inscriptions at Girnar contains the name “ Tambapanni,” — regarded as the “ Taprovane
” of the Greeks (Sm. geogr. diet.) or island of Madagascar.
Thylachium sumangui ot Madagascar. A Capparideous bush called there “ voua sumangui,”
and growing in the Emirne district. — By European colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands, and
cultivated there in the Botanic garden (Boj.).
Abutilón angulosum of Madagascar. A bush called there “ hafou poutsi.” — Carried to the
Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.).
Hilsenbergia cannabina of Aladagascar. A tree called “ hafoutra,” growing in the extensive
forests and on high mountains in the Emirne district. — Carried repeatedly to the Mauritius Islands,
but not cultivated there with success (Boj,).
Shnkua excelsa of Madagascar. Called there “ shakoua,” fruit-tree, growing on the Northwestern
side of the island in the Saccalava district, — and observed by Bojer around St. Augustin Bay.
Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.).
Shakua minor of Madagascar. A shrub, growing around St. Augustin Bay and called “ shakoua
keli.” — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Bo j.).
Sorindeia Madagascarensis of Madagascar and the neighbouring portion of Africa. Called on
Madagascar “ voua sourindi ” (B o j.) ; and known there as early probably as this d a t e :— observed
by Grant in East Africa, on the “ banks of rivers 7° S .,” a tree with mango-tasting fruit, large as a
* Jonesia asoca of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A flowering tree called in the environs
of Bombay “ jassoondie” (Graham), in Sanscrit “ vanjula” or “ asoca” (W. Jones): the name not
older than the accession of Asoka, although according to Hindu mythology Guadama was born under
this tre e— (Klapr., and Mason v. 403) : the “ a so k a ” is mentioned in the Avadana Asoka (Burn,
i. 365) ; also by Vaimiki ramayan. ; in the Mrichclihakati iv. as planted in gardens and having rich
crimson flowers ; its flowers ornamenting curls, by Kalidasa kum. iii. 26 and ragh. viii. 61 ; and is
prescribed medicinally by Susrutas (Hessl.) : J. asoca was observed in Hindustan by Rheede v. pi.
50, W. Jones as. res. iv. p. 274, Roxburgh, and W ig h t ; by Graham, in gardens and near caves
“ evidently planted,” found by Law “ wild in jungles at the foot of the Ram Ghaut.” Farther East,
is enumerated by Mason as indigenous in Burmah and called “ a-thau-ka-pho.” By European colonists,
was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it continues under cultivation (Boj.).
t Dalbergia? of Southern Burmah. The Maulmain lance-wood, a tree found all over the
Tenasserim provinces (Mason), possibly furnished the material of Rekkhan’s cross-bow: — at the
present day according to Mason 530, its wood is sometimes used by the Karens lo “ make bows of.”