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sometimes employed medicinally (Drur.) ; by McClelland, in Burmah (Mason v. 472)' Westward,
was received “ from Africa” by Moquin and A. Decandolle.
Cf/osia cristata of Tropical Eastern Asia. The cock's-comb is called by the Greeks “ sathori ”
(Forsk.), in Sanscrit “ deepya,” in Bengalee “ deepuk ” or “ lal-moorga,” in Hindustanee “ lal-moorga”
(J. F. Wats.), in the environs of Bombay “ lal-moorga” (Graham), in Burmah “ kyet-mouk” (Mason),
in Tagalo “ palongpalongan ” (Blanco); in which we recognize the “ dipya” of Susrutas sutr. 29 to
chik. '18 : — C. cristata is described by Rumphius v. pl. 84; was observed by Graham “ cultivated in
gardens ” in the environs of Bombay ; by Roxburgh, in Eastern Hindustan ; by Mason v. 431 to
780, indigenous in Burmah, cultivated besides “ by'the natives,” and the “ kyet-yet ” variety or species,
having a long drooping panicle either red or yellow, a highly “ elegant plant when cultivated
by the Karens ; ” by Blanco? in gardens on the Philippines ; is known to occur in China (Royle him.
n6) ; was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, attaining superior size and beauty in Japan, and
degenerating elsewhere. Westward, from Hindustan, by Forskal, in Yemen, and in gardens at Constantinople
; and was cultivated in Europe before the days of Lobel, and Bauhin. By European colonists.
was carried to Northeast America, where it has become a frequent garden flower.
Alternanthera sessilis of Tropical Asia and Africa. A depressed annual called in Egypt
“ liamel” (Forsk.) or “ hamoul” (Del,), having a Sanscrit name (Pidd.), and called in Malabar
“ coluppa” (Rheede): the “ pattura ” prescribed by Susrutas chik. 19, — is referred here by Hessler:
A. sessilis was observed by Rheede x. pl. 11 in Malabar; by Graham, “ a common weed”
around Bombay; by Roxburgh, in Eastern Hindustan; by Burmann z. pl. 4, on'Ceylon; by Mason,
in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous. Westward, the “ kavar el abid ” seen in Yemen by Forskal
p. ciii, may be compared: A. sessilis is known to occur as far North as the Caspian (A. Dec.) ; was
observed by Hasselquist at Jerusalem; by Forskal p. 28, and Delile, in Lower Egypt; by Desfontaines,
in Barbary (Steud.) ; and is known to occur in Western Equatorial Africa (Benth. fl. nigr.).
By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, Brazil, and the West Indies (Pluk. aim.
pi. 133, and iMoq.).
Marsilea quadiifoUa of Tropical Eastern Asia? A Cryptogamous Oxalis-leaved annual called
in Egypt “ qourayeta’’ (Del.), in Sanscrit “ chittoor-dulla ” (J. F. Wats.), in Japan “ ukingusa”
(Thuffib.) : the “ sunishannaka ” of Susrutas sutr. 19 to 46, — is referred here by Hessler : M. quad-
rifoli I was observed by Graham on the “ margins of tanks ” in the environs of Bombay ; by Ainslie
252, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Thunberg, frequent in the rice-grounds of Japan ; by my.self,
on the Feejeean, Taheitian, and Hawaiian Islands, introduced with taro-culture and by Polynesian
colonists. Westward from Hindustan, was observed by Delile in rice-grounds and moist situations
in Egypt: the “ lens palustris altera” sent to Matthioli by Cortusi, and “ lemma” of Dalechamp
1014, are referred here by Sprengel.
“ 1132 A. D.” (palm-leaf ann. Jag., and W. W. Hunter, Stirling giving 1131), Suvarna Kesari
succeeded by Chorganga, now king of Orissa and head of the Ganga-Vansa or Gangetic dynasty.
Harivansa * is enumerated among the “ five hundred ” authors at the court of Sri Boja — (Langlois
introd. p. vii).
* Ehretia serrata of Eastern Bengal and Nepaul. A Cordia-like tree called in Bengalee “ kala-
oja,” in Nepaul “ nulshima” (Drur.); and from early times, its tough light durable wood used for
sword-handles: the “ caliyaca ” of Harivansa 126 —maybe compared: E. serrata was observed by
Roxburgh, and Wallich, from Eastern Bengal to Chittagong, Dheyrah Dhoon, Nepaul, and Bhootan,
growing “ both on mountains and in valleys,” the flowers emitting “ a powerful honey-like smell”
(Drur.). ,
Jasm inum hirsutum of Tropical Hindustan. A climbing shrub called in Bengalee “ koondo,” in
Sanscrit “ koonda” or “ koondiim” (J. F. Wats.) ; in which we recognize the “ cunda” of Harivansa
I37_ _ teeth compared with its flowers by Jayadeva : J. hirsutum was observed by Nimmo, and Graham,
in the “ Southern Concan,” and besides “ in gardens,” its flowers “ in terminal umbels, large,
pure white ; ” by Burmann pl. 3, Retz (Pers.), and Roxburgh, as far as Calcutta.
Phoenix paludosa of Bengal and Burmah. The marsh date-palm, slender-stemmed and elegant-
looking, is called in Burmah “ then-boung” (Mason): the “ hintala” of Harivansa 96 —is referred
here by Langlois : P. paludosa was observed by Roxburgh “ characteristic of the Sunderbunds” or
mouths of the Ganges, the smaller trunks used for walking-sticks, larger ones for rafters, and fronds
for thatch (Drur.) ; was observed by Mason, as far as Burmah.
Barleria buxifolia of Tropical Hindustan. A shrubby spreading plant with large beautiful junk
flowers: the “ couravaca” rouge of Harivansa 126 —maybe compared: B. buxifolia was observed by
Rheede ii. pl. 47 in Malabar; by Nimmo, in “ the Concans” as far as Bombay; by Buchanan, and
Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan.
Barleria ciliata of Tropical Hindustan. Called in Sanscrit “ kuruvuka” (Pidd.), and this or
Ipomoea reptans of Tropical Africa and Asia. The water convolvulus is called in Tagalo and Pampango
“ cangcong,” in Bisaya “ tancong” (Blanco), in Malabar “ ballel” (Rheede) ; and the “ calam-
bica” of Harivansa 137 —is referred here by Langlois : I. reptans was observed by Rheede xi. pl. 52
in Malabar ; by Graham, “ margins of tanks and other moist places throughout the Concans ” to and
bej-ond Bombay, the “ flowers rose-coloured;” by Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan, and is
termed “ olus vagum ” by Rumphius v. pl. 155 ; was observed by Loureiro, in Anam ; by Blanco, on
the Philippines, slightly purgative but cooked and eaten by the natives, the flowers white. Westward
of Hindustan, by I-'orskal p. 44, in Yemen, “ in rivulis repens ” its flowers “ violacei ; ” by Grant, from
the “ Equator and 2° N.” to “ Nile edges 18° N.”
1133 -A. D. (= 10S2 + “ 50 yrs. 5 mo. 3 days” of Deccan records, Mackenzie, and Wilford as.
res. ix. 157), end of the reign of raja Bhoja.
One hundred and sixty-third generation. May 1st, 1134, onward mostly beyond youth : the Jewish
writers, Abraham ben David, R. Abraham Ibn Ezra, Moses Ibn Ezra, Jehuda Halevi, Jehuda ha-Abel
Pledessi, Menahem ben Solomon: the Arab writers, Ebn-altalmidh, Mohammed Kaisi, Humenus,
Abu’l Salt Omaya d. 1151, Albucasis, Abul Abbas Elhafits, and Artefius : the Greek writers Anna
Comnena d. after 1137, Bryennius d. after 1137, Joannes Antiochenus, Manasses d. about 1150'. Joannes
Tzetzes d. about 1150, Aristenus d. 1166 : William of Malmsbury ; Geoffrey of Monmouth ; Arnoldus
Brixiensis, Elizabeth of Germany, Ekbertus Treverensis : the scholastic theologians, Hugo de
S. Victore, Richardus de S. Victore, and Petrus Lombardus.
“ 113s A. D. = 13th year of the ‘ thian-hoei,’ the name being continued by Hi-tsoung of tlie Kin,”
ruler of Northern China — (Chinese chron. table).
“ 1136, October” (Nicol.), a synod at Burgos in Spain. For the introduction of the Roman ritual :
and to reconcile the kings of Navarre and Castile.
“ 113S A. D.” (De Wailly pl. vi. 6), in manuscripts from this date, the full-stop or period (.)
placed at the end of sentences.
“ 1139, April 20th” (Alst., and Nicol.), tenth general ecclesiastical Council. Assembled at the
Lateran in Rome, “ a thousand ” bishops being present, “ For the re-union of the church. Thirty
canons were made, similar to those ” adopted at Rheims : and excommunication decreed against whoever
should strike a priest, removable only by the pope. Monks were forbidden to exercise the art of
medicine (Humb. cosm. ii. note).
“ Aug. 29th ” (Nicol.), a synod convened at Winchester by the bishop Henry of Blois. Against
his brother king Stephen, for requiring “ the bishops of Ely, Lincoln, and Salisbury, to surrender their
castles.”
Maruta cotula of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in the North of England
baldeyebrow (E. Gillet), iu some parts of Sweden “ baldersbra” (Mallet), and the Anglo-Saxon
bA.LdYP h e rb e * —is referred here by Cockayne: the “ cotula” growing in towns and along
other species in Bengal “ curubaca” (W. Jones) ; the “ kuravaka” trees of Harivansa 126, — Jayadevas
vii. 23, with which according to Kalidasa ragh. ix. 32 to vikram. spring ornaments the woods with
beauty, may be compared : B. ciliata as observed in Eastern Hindustan is described in hort. beng. 45
(J. F. Wats.).
Strobilanthns ciliata, perhaps not distinct from the preceding, is called in the environs of Bombay
“ karwee,” is further described by Graham as an erect branchless shrub growing “ in great abundance
on the Ghauts, frequently covering acres of ground,” its bright blue flowers appearing in October, a
“ most useful plant” to the natives, who employ the stems in “ mud walls and for making fences,” and
“ have a tradition that it flowers only once in ten years.” Possibly was carried to the Mauritius
Islands, for “ Barleria lupulina” is suspected by Graham to be identical.
* Centaurea nigra of middle Europe. Called in Britain knapweed ox knob-weed ox loggerheads,
in old manuscripts “ cloltbewed ” (Prior): tlie Anglo-Saxon bOLVVeS — is referred here by Cockayne
: C. nigra is clescribed by Linnæus ; and is known to grow in meads in France and throughout
middle Europe (Lam. fl, fr., Engl. bot. pl. 278, and Pers.), but according to Ledebour does not occur
in Siberia (A. Dec.). By European colonists, was carried lo Norlheast America, where it continues
in waste ground from Newfoundland throughout Eastern New England (Torr., and A. Gray).
Ilippophae rhamnoides of Northern Europe and Asia and mountains farther South. A shrub
called iu Britain willow-tJwrn (Prior), in Norfolk (E. Gillet) by the Anglo-Saxon names VVI r VV I-
VVLe or VVyVVIVVLe—(Cockayne): H. rhamnoides is described by Linnæus ; was observed by
Scopoli in Carniolia; and is known to grow in stony mountainous situations in Central Europe, and
farther North, only along Ihe seashore in Sweden (Pers., Wahl., and A. Dec.). Eastward, is known
to grow in Siberia (Hort. Belv., and Steud.).
Fucus nodosus of the North Atlantic. Called in Britain tang, in Danish “ tag,” in Frisian “ mar